MIL1UKOV 



54 1 O 



MILK 



army as militia, and the war minis- 

 ter is called the minister of militia 

 and defence, and is assisted by a 

 militia council. 



Historically the British militia 

 represents the Anglo-Saxon fyrd, or 

 general levy, organized by shires 

 and hundreds under Alfred. It 

 declined under feudalism, but was 

 restored to efficiency in Elizabeth's 

 reign. The militia that defended 

 the Eastern coasts against the 

 French and the Dutch in 1666-67, 

 was a force raised by the lords- 

 lieutenant of counties at the ex- 

 pense of the inhabitants, and 

 officered by county gentlemen, to 

 whom commissions were granted 

 on a property qualification. This 

 militia was called out during the 

 Jacobite rebellions in 1715and 1745. 



At the period of the Seven 

 Years' War (1757) the liability of 

 individuals to furnish militiamen 

 ceased, and a new Act threw upon 

 the parishes the obligation to pro- 

 vide men,who were chosen by bal- 

 lot ; but anyone upon whom the 

 lot fell was permitted to furnish a 

 substitute, and the parish could 

 avoid the ballot altogether by 

 securing volunteers. These sub- 

 stitutes and volunteers were of 

 course procured by payment, and 

 as much as 60 was received as 

 bounty (q.v.) by a substitute at 

 Plymouth in 1810. Householders 

 formed militia clubs on insurance 

 principles, in order to provide a 

 fund for the purchase of a sub- 

 stitute in the event of any member 

 being drawn for the militia. Yet 

 these hired men could not be used 

 for war overseas unless tempted by 

 further bounties to join the regular 

 army. In 1805 the War Office was 

 paying nearly 40 a head for re- 

 cruits, and while one man who had 

 been drawn for the militia was com- 

 pelled to serve at home or buy a 

 substitute, another who had es- 

 caped the ballot could sell his ser- 

 vices, at first for the militia and 

 afterwards for the regular army. 



The Impressment Act of 1779 in 

 theory touched only the criminal 

 and vagabond classes ; no law ever 

 compelled British subjects gener- 

 ally to serve in foreign wars until in 

 1916 the Military Service Act (q.v.) 

 was passed. The procedure of call- 

 ing out the militia for permanent 

 duty was termed embodiment, and 

 from 1759-62, from 1778-83, from 

 1792-1802, and from 1803-16 the 

 militia was embodied to form the 

 home garrison in the absence of the 

 regular forces. During these 

 periods the militia regiments 

 reached a high state ot efficiency, 

 and every inducement was offered 

 to the men to enlist individually in 

 the army. Indeed, the national 

 value of the British militia has 



always been estimated from the 

 number of recruits it furnished to 

 the regular service. The militia was 

 again embodied during the Crimean 

 War, 1854-56. O 



In 1867 one-fourth of each batta- 

 lion of militia was invited to accept 

 the same liability to foreign service 

 as the army reserve, in considera- 

 tion of an annual bounty of 20s. ; 

 these volunteers were known as 

 militia reservists. The militia did 

 good service during the S. African 

 War of 1899-1902, but their volun- 

 tary offer to go abroad was on con- 

 dition that the men should serve 

 under their own officers like a regu- 

 lar unit. Five years later, 1907, R. 

 B. Haldane brought the militia into 

 his scheme for an expeditionary 

 force, by abolishing all units as 

 militia and reviving most of them 

 as special reserve battalions, whose 

 function in war was to furnish 

 drafts for the regular battalions. In 

 1914-17 practically all reinforce- 

 ments for the 1st and 2nd batta- 

 lions at the front, both as regards 

 officers and men, were furnished by 

 the 3rd (old militia) battalions, 

 then called the special reserve. 



Italy has an active and a terri- 

 torial militia in lieu of landwehr 

 and landsturm. The U.S.A. has a 

 militia on the British pattern called 

 the National Guard. Holland has 

 militia reservists who retain their 

 arms and kit like the British Terri- 

 torial Force. The army of Switzer- 

 land is called a militia. The term 

 militia is used in different senses by 

 different countries, but it always 

 implies that troops so designated 

 are either partly trained soldiers, or 

 that their obligation does not ex- 

 tend to foreign service generally 

 both. Militia differ from regular 

 soldiers in that they do not serve 

 continuously for a term of years, 

 and from volunteers in that they 

 serve in war or undergo military 

 training in peace by legal compul- 

 sion. See Army, British; Terri- 

 torial Army. 



Miliukov, PAVEL NIKOLAIE- 

 VITCH (b. 1859). Russian states- 

 man. Born Jan. 27, 1859, he was 

 educated in 

 St. Petersburg 

 and Moscow. 

 He lectured in 

 Moscow on his- 

 tory, 1886-95, 

 but was ex- 

 pelled on politi- 

 cal grounds. 

 He then went to 

 Sofia in a simi- 

 1 a r capacity, 

 but the Russian government pro- 

 cured his dismissal after two years. 

 Returning to Russia in 1899, he was 

 arrested in 1901 and imprisoned 

 for presiding at a secret political 



Pavel Miliukov, 

 Russian statesman 



meeting. In 1902 he lectured in 

 America, and in 1904-5 studied in 

 London. Returning to St. Peters- 

 burg in 1905, he was elected to the 

 first Duma, but was not allowed to 

 sit, became leader of the Cadets or 

 Constitutional Democratic party, 

 and was a member of the third 

 Duma. He was a member of the 

 Russian parliamentary delegation 

 to Britain in 1909. After the revo- 

 lution of March, 1917, Miliukov be- 

 came minister for foreign affairs, 

 resigning in May of that year. 



Milk. Liquid secreted in the 

 udder of the female animal. The 

 milk of the cow plays a very im- 

 portant part in human life, especi- 

 ally as it is the source of butter 

 and cheese. It is a natural emul- 

 sion, consisting of minute fat 

 globules suspended in liquid. The 

 average percentage composition of 

 whole cow's milk is as follows : 

 water, 87'10 ; albuminoids (casein, 

 albumin), 3'50 ; milk-sugar (lac- 

 tose), 4-75; butter fat, 3'90 ; ash, 

 0'75. In skim milk 90'0 is water, 

 and in whey 93 '4 p.c. Separated 

 milk resembles skim milk, except 

 that practically all the fat has been 

 removed. 



The composition of cow's milk, 

 however, varies considerably. 

 Breeds differ greatly in the amount 

 and quality of milk yielded, the 

 richest being from the Channel 

 Island breeds. Other milking 

 breeds giving a good quality are 

 Shorthorn, South Devon, Long- 

 horn, Red Poll, Ayrshire, Kerry, 

 Dexter, and British Holstein. The 

 maintenance of a thoroughly 

 good herd is the first essential in 

 successful dairy farming. The 

 standard to be aimed at is not 

 less than 600 galls, per cow per 

 annum. The use of a bull belong- 

 ing to a good milking strain is of 

 primary importance, for the male 

 transmits good milking qualities 

 to his female offspring. Milk from 

 the same cow also varies during 

 the period of lactation, falling off 

 in the later stages, and even at the 

 same milking the last drawn part, 

 called strippings, is the richest. 



Milk is a particularly good 

 medium for the growth of all sorts 

 of germs (bacteria), not only those 

 which are essential to good butter 

 and cheese making, but also some 

 which are inimical to these, and 

 others again that transmit dis- 

 ease, such as cholera, typhoid fever, 

 and tuberculosis. Complete cleanli- 

 ness, therefore, should be main- 

 tained in every stage of dairy 

 work, in the transport of milk, 

 and at all times during the sale 

 of the same. Several means are 

 adopted to check the action of 

 injurious bacteria, one being the 

 addition of small quantities of 



