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Milky Way. Pictorial diagram showing the position of the Milky Way relatively 



to the adjacent constellations. Its course unites where the overlapping is 



shown at both ends of the two parts of the diagram, i.e. at Coal Sack and 



Cassiopeia, thus forming a complete circle in the heavens 



leaving dark intervals." The bright 

 spaces are commonly surrounded 

 and set off by dark winding chan- 

 nels, and the rapid alternation of 

 astoundingly rich with poor, or 

 almost vacant, spaces of sky, con- 

 tinually recurs. The most notable 

 instance occurs by the Southern 

 Cross, whose bright stars shine in a 

 broad starry mass interrupted by a 

 pear-shaped black opening 8 long 

 ty 5 wide, named the " Coal 

 Sack." The blackness is not com- 

 plete, in photographic plates ; but 

 there are other similar blacknesses. 

 The stream varies greatly in width. 

 It is no more than 4 wide when it 

 enters the Cross. It is 22 wide 

 across its double channel. 



The theories of its structure are 

 three that it is a .disk, a ring, or a 

 spiral. Sir W. Hersohef at one time 

 farourd the idea of a cloven disk 

 as the model of the steflar universe, 

 and supposed that the Milky Way 



was produced optically by the 

 effect of stars, evenly distributed, 

 and seen in perspective. The dis- 

 covery,' which he himself made, 

 that the stars are not evenly distri- 

 buted, shook the theory, and his son 

 Sir John Herschel suggested for the 

 Milky Way the " shape of a flat 

 ring or some other re-entering form 

 of immense and irregular breadth 

 and thickness " but remote from 

 the space of the solar system, a disk 

 with a scooped-out centre. Proctor 

 suggested the idea of a spiral 

 galaxy with curvilinear branches, 

 and Easton a system of spirals. 

 Professor Simon Newcomb con- 

 cluded that the light from the 

 Milky Way in most of its sections 

 takes 3,200 years to reach the earth. 

 A brilliant new star in the constella- 

 tion of Cygnus was discovered in 

 Aug., 1920, by W. F. Denning, an 

 amateur astronomer of Bristol. 

 See Stars. 



MILL 



Mill (Lat. molere, to grind). 

 Originally a machine used for grind- 

 ing. To mill means to reduce some- 

 thing, corn, for instance, to very 

 small particles. It is also used for 

 the process of giving a raised edge 

 to coins. From its use for a machine 

 the word has come to be used also 

 for the building in which the 

 machinery is, e.g. a flour-mill, and 

 also for other buildings containing 

 machinery, e.g. a cotton mill. 



Mill, JAMES ( 1773-1836). British 

 utilitarian philosopher, historian, 

 and economist. Born near Mont- 

 rose, Forfar- 

 shire, April 6, 

 1773, after 

 studying a t 

 E d i n bju r g h 

 he came to 

 London, and 

 embarked 

 upon a liter- 

 ary career. 

 H i s History James Mill, 



of India, British philosopher 

 published 1817-18, led to his 

 appointment as assistant-examiner, 

 and afterwards head of the ex- 

 aminers' office, of the E. India 

 Company, holding the latter office 

 till his death. 



In philosophy, he is one of the 

 chief representatives of associa- 

 tional psychology. In his Analysis 

 of the Phenomena of the Human 

 Mind he reduces all psychological 

 reality to one fact sensation, and 

 all its laws to one the law of in- 

 separable association, the factors of 

 which are liveliness of impression, 

 repetition, and interest. A friend 

 of Jeremy Bentham, Mill contri- 

 buted a brilliant series of articles, 

 afterwards reprinted, to The Ency- 

 clopaedia Britannica, on legal and 

 political subjects. In politics, Mill 

 was regarded as the founder of 

 philosophical radicalism. He died 

 at Kensington, June 23, 1836. See 

 Biography, A. Bain, 1882. 



Mill, JOHN STUART (1806-73). 

 British philosopher and economist. 

 The son of James Mill, he was born 

 in London, May 20, 1806. His edu- 

 cation, begun 

 by his father, 

 was completed 

 in France. An 

 extraordinar- 

 ily precocious 

 child, at 14 he 

 had acquired 

 a knowledge 

 . of a great 

 . V <S /fasCS variety of sub- 

 \/. J "v-L/ jects, includ- 

 ing classical literature, logic and 

 political economy, history and 

 mathematics. <.. 



An acute mental crisis, induced 

 by an exclusively intellectual edu- 

 cation, was surmounted with the 



