MODEL 



5462 



MODERNISM 



Model (Lat. modus, measure). 

 Literally, a copy or pattern of any- 

 thing. Models are largely used 

 by scientists to convey ideas in 

 mathematics and physics to the 

 students. In practical affairs, when 

 engineering work of various kinds 

 is undertaken, models are first 

 made. Models of various parts of 

 the human body are used by 

 students of medicine and art. In a 

 special sense an artist's model is a 

 person who poses for painters, or 

 sculptors. See Drawing. 



Modelling. Fashioning an ar- 

 ticle in some plastic substance. 

 Potter's clay in a fairly liquid state 

 is the principal material used. 

 During the progress of the work the 

 moisture is preserved by sprinkling 

 with water, and at night by wrap- 

 ping the model in a wet sheet, or 

 in a bag that will prevent the air 

 affecting it. In figure sculpture 

 various supports for the model are 

 required. For a bust, a single 

 upright, with a crossbar to carry 

 the shoulders, will suffice. For the 

 full figure, an iron upright, the 

 height of the figure, is the main- 

 stay of other supports for the 

 limbs ; this is fixed in a circular 

 plinth, constructed to revolve on a 

 wooden boss, so that the model can 

 be turned round without the sculp- 

 tor shifting his ground. The whole 

 is placed on a bench above the 

 level of the floor. Most of the 

 work is done with the fingers. 



Model Parliament. Name 

 given to the Parliament summoned 

 by Edward I in Nov., 1295. It con- 

 sisted of the magnates, two knights 

 from every shire, and two burgesses 

 from every considerable borough, 

 and also representatives of the 

 lower clergy. It was given its name 

 because it was the model on which 

 later parliaments were called, 

 being representative of the nobles, 

 clergy, and commons. 



Modena. Prov. of N. Italy, in 

 Emilia. It stretches N.E. from the 

 Tuscan Apennines to the Po valley. 

 It is mountainous in the S.W., but 

 in the fertile tracts it produces 

 wheat, wine, and hemp. Goats and 

 sheep are reared. Area, l,003sq. m. 

 Pop. 373,000. 



Modena. City of Italy, the 

 capital of the prov. of Modena. It 

 stands in a low and fertile plain, be- 

 tween the Secchia and the Panaro, 

 tributaries of the Po, and is 23 m. 

 by rly. N.W. of Bologna, on the 

 Aemilian Way. The splendid 

 Romanesque cathedral, begun in 

 1099, has a lofty campanile and 

 many curious carvings and statues. 

 Other churches include S. Agostino 

 with its memorials of the Este 

 family, and S. Pietro. The ducal 

 palace, built earty in the 17th cen- 

 tury, is now used for public pur- 



poses. Among other buildings are 

 the university, founded in 1683 ; a 

 library containing 140,000 vols. 

 and several thousand MSS. ; a 

 town hall, dating in part from 1194, 

 and museums and art galleries. 

 There are several fine open spaces 

 and recreation grounds. The manu- 

 factures include silks, woollens, 

 linens, hats, and leather and iron 

 ware, and there is trade in cattle, 

 cereals, wine, fruit, and liqueurs. 



A Roman colony from 183 B.C., 

 Modena, then called Mutina, was 

 besieged by Mark Antony in 43 B.C. 

 Sacked by the Huns under Attila 

 in A.D. 452, it was afterwards taken 

 by the Lombards. In the llth 

 century it was the property of the 

 marchioness of Tuscany, afterwards 

 being for a short time a free city. 

 It was acquired by the Este family 



Modena, Italy. Crypt beneath the cathedral chancel, 



containing the tomb of S. Gemignano, the patron saint 



of the city 



in 1288, and was the capital of the 

 duchy ruled by them until the 

 foundation of the kingdom of 

 Italy. Pop. 76,500. 



Modena. Duchy of Italy. It 

 dates from 1452, when the city and 

 the district around it, which since 

 1288 had been in the possession 

 of the Este family, was made a 

 duchy for Borso d'Este. During 

 the Napoleonic wars the duchy 

 became part of the Cisalpine 

 republic. In 1814 it was given to 

 Ferdinand, a member of the Haps- 

 burg family, who had married 

 Maria Beatrice, the heiress of the 

 house of Este, and he and his son 

 reigned until the latter was driven 

 out in 1859. See Este. 



Moderates. Name used for 

 any party of men who hold 

 moderate views. It was applied to 

 one of the parties on the London 

 County Council, the other being the 

 Progressives, from 1889 to 1904. 

 In 1904 the name was changed to 

 that of municipal reformers. See 

 London County Council. 



Moderation. Term used in the 

 Presbyterian Church to denote the 

 act of moderating, that is, calling 



a minister. When a congregation 

 meets with the local presbytery, 

 under the presidency of the moder- 

 ator, for the purpose of signing the 

 call to a minister-elect, the meeting 

 is said to be a moderation. If the 

 presbytery is satisfied that the 

 congregation are unanimous, and 

 that there is nothing against the 

 personal character of the minister- 

 elect, it grants a moderation to the 

 people of that congregation to pro- 

 ceed with the call. See Presby- 

 terianism. 



Moderate (Ital.). Musical term 

 meaning at a moderate pace. It is 

 sometimes used alone, and some- 

 times to modify other terms, as 

 allegro moderate, i.e. moderately 

 allegro. Sometimes it is itself 

 qualified as Molto moderate, i.e. at 

 a very moderate pace. 



Moderator 

 (Lat. moderari, to 

 control). Name 

 given to various 

 academic and ec- 

 clesiastical offi- 

 cials. At Oxford 

 University moder- 

 ators are the ex- 

 aminers at the first 

 public examina- 

 tion for degrees, 

 commonly called 

 moderations, ab- 

 breviated into 

 mods. At Cam- 

 bridge they are 

 university officers 

 who superintend 

 the examinations 

 for the mathemati- 

 cal tripos. At Dublin they are 

 the candidates for the degree of 

 B.A. who take first and second place 

 in honours, and are called senior 

 and junior moderators respectively. 

 The word is applied especially 

 to the presiding officers at meet- 

 ings and courts of the Presbyterian 

 Church. Interim moderators are 

 appointed by the local presbytery 

 to fill a temporary vacancy in a 

 church pending the appointment 

 of a new minister. Moderators of 

 local presbyteries hold office for a 

 year, as also does the moderator 

 of the General Assembly. In Scot- 

 land the Established Church, the 

 United Free Church, and the Free 

 Church each has its own moderator. 

 Moderators were appointed in the 

 Congregational Church of England 

 and Wales, 1919. See Presbyterian- 

 ism ; Scotland, Church of. 



Modernism. Name given to a 

 tendency or school of thought in 

 the Church of Rome. The term is 

 associated with an effort to adjust 

 dogmatic theology to modern dis- 

 covery and to bring the Church 

 into intellectual touch with the 

 spirit of the age. Modernism thus 



