MODERN PAINTERS 



5409 



MODULUS 



recognir.ee the necessity of accept- 

 ing at least certain general con 



.Ill-ions of I'.il.lic-.il . mi. i-.iii aa to 



th -i^ins ami historical value of 



tip I'.ii.!.-. It ailinn- that the 



puij ot tin- author of the 



loui-th (iospel \\;i> rather (o pro- 

 ' i in tion of faith than 



i-il of historical fact, and 

 that tin- MIK ptic Gospels contain 

 cM.lenee "I tin- intliii-iice of early 



M -a I thought upon an 

 : record of the words and 



deeds of ( 'hrist. 



Modernism socks to apply the 

 methods of critical investigation to 

 church history, and urges that 

 i has been, and ought still to 

 I,, . tl ii ot intellectual 



mouth iiml life in the Church. It 

 also lays stress on the study of 

 . -ompaiative religion, as showing 



od has revealed Himself at 

 many times and in many ways; 

 ami it linds in the study of alien 

 religions a confirmation and illus- 

 1 1 at ion of the faith brought by a 

 later and more perfect revelation 

 in tin Person of Christ. 



Modernism stands on a plat- 

 form entirely different from that 

 of 1'rotestantisin, which definitely 

 rejerts certain dogmas of the 

 Church of Rome as unwarranted 

 by, or opposed to, the teaching of 

 lioly Scripture, or as being in- 

 tellectually false. 



The keynote of the dogmatic- 

 teaching of the Church of Rome is 

 authority. What has been defined 

 as of faith by the authority of the 

 Chun-h must be accepted without 

 question. The result is that the 

 dogmatic teaching of the Church of 

 ~ >me is essentially scholastic, and 

 defined in terms of an intellectual 

 it ion which was true in the days 

 S. Thomas Aquinas, but is not 

 ually true now that philosophic 

 lought is no longer restricted to 

 itotelian methods. Hence the 

 iernists' tendency has been con- 

 tent ly and emphatically con- 

 rained by the pope from time to 

 ic, notably in the encyclical Pas- 

 idi of Pius X in 1907. The rea- 

 sons given for this condemnation 

 are that Modernism divorces faith 

 and knowledge, undermines the 

 authoritative definitions of the 

 faith, and opens the door to every 

 kind of error both in faith and 

 morals. In 1910 it was ordered that 

 all clerics should expressly abjure 

 Modernism. The leaders of the new 

 school have been forbidden to 

 tciieh. deprived of ecclesiastical 

 position, and in some cases ex- 

 communicated. Among the more 

 prominent of these leaders may be 

 mentioned A. Houtin, A. F. Loisy, 

 Karon von Hugel, and George 

 Tyrrell. Sec Roman Catholic 

 Church. 



I'iblioyraphy. Modernism, P. 

 Sabatit-r, Kim. trans. C. A. Mill*, 

 1008 ; Modernism, a Record and 

 Review, A. L. I.ill.-\. l!ios . 

 anity at the Crow Roads, O. Tyrrell, 

 1909 ; Modernism, its failure and 

 iU fruits. M. I). M. Potrie, 1918. 



Modern Painters. Treatise on 

 art by John Ruskin, published 

 1843-60. The work was begun as 

 a defence of Turner's later manner, 

 and gradually develoiKjd into a 

 treatise on the principles of art, a 

 rhapsody on the glories of nature, 

 a panegyric on Tintoretto and the 

 Florentine masters, and eventually 

 a vehicle for convoying the author's 

 views generally. 



The title was suggested by the 

 publishers, Smith, Elder & Co., the 

 author's own title having been 

 Turner and the Ancients. 



Modica. Town of Sicily, in the 

 prov. of Syracuse. It stands in the 

 Val di Noto, 33 m. direct and 57 m. 

 by rly. W.S.W. of Syracuse. The 

 site of the Sicel city Motyca, it 

 has remains of megalithic build- 

 ings. The public buildings include 

 library, hospital, and theatre. It 

 is a centre for the trade in wine, 

 oil, cattle, and fruit. 



Modjeska, HELENA (1844- 

 1909). Polish actress. Born at 

 Cracow, Oct. 12. 1844, the daughter 

 of a musician, 

 she married 

 an impresario. 

 G. S. Modrze- 

 j e w s k i , in 

 1861 r and 

 after playing 

 some years on 

 tour, made 

 her debut at 

 Cracow in 

 1865, in which 

 year her hus- 

 band died, and in Warsaw in 1 868 

 In the latter year she married Count 

 Bozenta Chlapovski, with whom 

 she went to America in 1876. She 

 had already become famous in her 

 rendering of Shakespearean and 

 other heroines of tragedy, and in 

 1877 she appeared at San Fran- 

 cisco, in Adrienne Leoouvreur, in 

 which for the first time she acted 

 in English. In Great Britain she 

 made her particular success as 

 Mary Stuart, Lady Macbeth, and La 

 Dame aux Camelias. She died at 

 Bay City, California, April 9, 1909. 

 Modling. Town of Austria. It 

 is 8 m. S.S.W. of Vienna, at the 

 entrance of the picturesque Bruhl 

 valley, and is a popular resort of 

 the Viennese. It has the 15th cen- 

 tury church of S. Othmar, and an 

 agricultural school. Metal goods, 

 boots and shoes are manufactured. 

 Pop. 18,000. See Liechtenstein. 



Modoc. Indian tribe, known 

 also as the Maklaks. Their home 

 was in Oregon, and after the settle- 



Helena Modjeska, 

 Polish actress 



ment of white men in that 

 there were sanguinary struggles 

 between the two races. In 1852, 

 and again in 1872-73, many of the 

 Indians were killed. The few sur- 

 vivors live on the Klamath reser- 

 vation in Oregon. 



Modor >R MOOR A. Town in the 

 Slovakia division of the Czecho- 

 slovak republic; formerly in the 

 kingdom of Hungary. It is situ- 

 ated on the edge of the l.itil- 

 Alfold, at the foot of the \Vhit 

 Carpathians. Pop. 5,000. 



Modulation. In music, a change 

 of key, or the passing from one 

 scale of tonality to another. Thus 

 the following passes from key F to 

 key C : 



ictamr 



f^-ti 1 1 i > I i II 



I C I 



The same little piece afterwards 

 touches the keys of D minor and G 

 minor. When the modulations are 

 to such related keys, they are called 

 natural modulations; when a plunge 

 is suddenly made to a more distant 

 key, such as from F to B, the mod- 

 ulation is called extraneous. Chro- 

 matic modulation is when the 

 change is effected by chromatic 

 chords. Enharmonic modulation 

 includes a chromatic or extraneous 

 change ; together with a substitu- 

 tion of notes, such as the key of 

 B instead of C flat. See Key. 



Module. Literally, a* little 

 measure. In architecture it is a 

 unit of measurement used for de- 

 termining the proportions of the 

 various parts of a building. The 

 unit varies according to the style 

 of architecture. The system was 

 used by Vitruvius. The word is 

 also used in hydraulics for measur- 

 ing the flow of water. 



Modulus. Term employed in 

 physics and mathematics. In the 

 most general sense it may be de- 

 fined as a measure of a quantity 

 which depends on two or more 

 other quantities. In mathematics 

 it is usually a constant multiplier 

 or coefficient involved in a given 

 function of a variable. In a specific 

 sense it is a number by which 

 Napierian logarithms must be 

 multiplied in order to obtain 

 the corresponding logarithms in 

 another system, usually that of 

 common logarithms. The numerical 

 value of this modulus is - 4.'J429, 

 etc., and the value of its reciprocal 

 by which common logarithms may 

 be converted into Napierian logar- 

 ithms is 2-30258, etc. 



In physics and mechanics a 

 modulus is a constant indicating 

 the relation between effect pro- 

 duced and force applied. It is more 



