MOLINA 



5472 



MOLLUSCA 



Molina, Luis (1536-1600). 

 Spanish theologian. He was born 

 at Cuenca, and became a Jesuit 

 in early man- 

 hood. He was 

 for a time a 

 tutor at Coim- 

 bra, and then 

 for 20 years 

 was professor 

 of theology at 

 Evora. In his 

 later years he 

 Luis Molina, " was professor 

 Spanish theologian o f m o r a ] 



theology at Madrid, where he died 

 Oct. 12, 1600. His chief literary 

 work was his Agreement of Free- 

 will with the Gifts of Grace, 1588. 

 in which he seeks to harmonise the 

 freedom of the will with divine 

 predestination, and his system is 

 that still taught in the Jesuit 

 colleges. The long dispute on this 

 subject between the Molinists and 

 adherents of S. Thomas Aquinas 

 was ended by a papal decree in 

 1607 permitting the teaching of 

 both doctrines. 



Molinari, GUSTAVE DB (1819- 

 1911). Belgian political economist. 

 Born at Liege, and educated in 

 medicine at Brussels, he worked as 

 apolitical journalist in Paris, 1843- 

 51. Returning to Brussels, he was 

 appointed professor of political 

 economy there, and subsequently 

 at Antwerp. He was back in Paris 

 by 1857, where he edited Le 

 Journal des Debats, 1867, and Le 

 Journal des Economistes, 1881. 

 He was a prolific writer, his works 

 including L'Evolution Economique 

 du XIXe Siecle, 1880 ; Theorie de 

 1' Evolution, 1908. 



Moline. City of Illinois, U.S.A., 

 in Rock Island co. On the Missis- 

 sippi river, 3 m. E. of Rock Island, 

 it is served by the Chicago, Mil- 

 waukee and St. Paul and other rlys. 

 and the Hennepin Canal. Agri- 

 cultural implements are manu- 

 factured, and there are machinery, 

 steel, carriage, wagon and motor 

 vehicle works, saw and planing 

 mills, etc. Water-power is ob- 

 tained from Rock Island Channel. 

 Settled in 1832, Moline became a 

 city in 1855. Pop. 30,700. 



Molinos, MIGUEL DE (1628-96). 

 Spanish mystic. He was born of a 

 noble family at Muniesa, Aragon, 

 in June, 1628, 

 became a 

 priest, and in 

 1665 went to 

 Rome. Here 

 he published a 

 book called 

 The Spiritual 

 Guide, 1675. 

 which taught 

 an extreme 

 form of Quiet- 



ism, for which he was condemned 

 in 1687 by the Inquisition to 

 imprisonment for life. He died 

 Dec. 28, 1696. 



Mollendo. Seaport of Peru, in 

 the prov. of Arequipa. It stands on 

 the Pacific coast, 10 m. S.E. of 

 Islay, and is connected by rly. with 

 Arequipa and Puno, through which 

 there is considerable traffic with 

 Bolivia. It exports gold, silver, 

 copper, etc., and imports merchan- 

 dise for Bolivia. Pop. 4,000. 



Mollusc, THE. Comedy by 

 Hubert Henry Davies. It was 

 produced Oct. 15, 1907, at the 

 Criterion Theatre, London, where 

 it had a run of 324 continuous 

 performances. The heroine is an 

 invertebrate young wife who is 

 stimulated into vitality by her 

 idea that her husband is flirting 

 with her companion. Charles 

 Wyndham, Elaine Inescourt, Sam 

 Sothern, and Mary Moore played 

 the leading parts. 



MOLLUSCA : SHELL-FISH, SNAILS, ETC. 



W. J. Wintle, F.Z.S. 



See the articles on Gastropoda and the other classes of molluscs ; 



also those on the various molluscs, e.g. Oyster ; Slug ; Snail. See 



also Animal, with colour plate; Biology; Life 



Mollusca (Lat. molluscus, softish) 

 is the name given to the animal 

 phylum or sub-kingdom, which in- 

 cludes the animals commonly 

 known as " shell-fish," the snails 

 and slugs, and the cuttles. The 

 molluscs may be described as soft, 

 cold-blooded animals, with un- 

 segmented and limbless body, pos- 



Miguel de Molinos, 

 Spanish mystic 



Mollusca. Anatomy of garden snail : 

 a, mouth ; e e, eyes ; m, branchiae ; 

 it, orifice opening into pulmonary 

 cavity ; o, position of ovaries ; p p, 

 foot; 1 1, tentacles ; shaded portion, 

 stomach and intestines ; dotted lines, 

 blood-vessels 



eessing no internal bony skeleton 

 and no cartilaginous tissues ex- 

 cept in the cephalopods and in the 

 majority of cases secreting a shell 

 either external or internal. 



They differ greatly in size and 

 form, but certain features are 

 common to nearly all the families. 

 Except in the bivalves, most of 

 them possess a head provided with 

 a mouth containing the character- 

 istic radula or tooth ribbon. In 

 nearly all the families a foot or 

 locomotive organ is present. This 

 may take the form of a sole on 

 which the animal creeps, as in the 

 snail ; an axe-shaped pushing 

 instrument, as in the bivalves ; a 

 digging or boring implement, as in 

 the elephant tusk shells ; or a 

 series of prolongations or " arms " 

 about the mouth, as in the cuttles 

 and nautilus. In the case of seden- 

 tary molluscs, as the oyster, the foot 

 may be rudimentary or absent; and 

 in the case of some active bivalves, 

 as the cockle, the foot enables the 

 animal to jump about. 



Another characteristic feature is 

 the mantle or fold of skin which 

 may either cover both sides of the 

 body, as in the bivalves, or part of 



the back only, as hi the univalves. 

 The shell, which is the conspicu- 

 ous feature in the majority of 

 molluscs, is secreted by the mantle, 

 along the edge of which are a series 

 of glands for the purpose. These 

 glands are of three kinds, corre- 

 sponding to the three layers of the 

 shell. The outermost secrete the 

 periostracum or organic skin, which 

 covers the shell in the living state 

 and protects it from erosion. The 

 next row of glands secretes the limy 

 layer which constitutes the bulk of 

 the shell, and is often beautifully 

 coloured and marked ; and the final 

 row provides the nacreous or pearly 

 lining of the shell. The entire 

 surface of the mantle is capable of 

 secreting colourless shelly material. 

 Molluscan shells take the most 

 varied forms. They are double, like 

 a closed book, in the bivalves ; 

 usually spiral in the gastropods, as 

 the snail and the whelk ; elongated 

 and tubular in the elephant tusk 

 shells ; composed of a series of plates 



m 



Mollusca. Anatomy of common 

 oyster : a, hinge line ; b and c, 

 adductor muscle ; d, attachment 

 of gills to mantle ; e e e, edge of 

 valve where mantle is attached to 

 shell ; //, fringed edge of mantle ; 

 fj, gills ; I, liver ; m, mouth ; v, vent 



