MONAGHAN 



' -17 ) 



MONASTERBOICE 





'..-in H tin- county 



i it her place-; :il'i- < 'I "lies. ( 'an ii' 



.t>tlelilayney, and K dlybay. 

 Tin- rniiMly ua-, made a shin- in the 

 It'.th i-ciiinry. There fire varioiu 

 uiiti<|iiities. the most notable being 



;it ( lories. l'..|.. 71,500. 



Monaghan. Urban dlst and 

 t"\\n of co. Monaghan, 

 Ireland; also the county town. It 

 is mi tin- <;.N. of I. Rly., and the 

 t'l-tiT Canal. lieitii,' ~>'2 in. from 

 Dublin. The chief buildings are 

 tin- modern Roman Catholic cathe- 

 dral, the eourt house, and others 

 r public purposes. There are 

 a convent, a college for priests, and 

 other educational centres. The 

 town has a trade in agricultural pro- 

 duce. MonaL'hiin grew up round 

 a monastery, and was made a cor- 

 porate town in the 18th century. 

 In the vicinity is Rossmore Park. 

 Market day, Mon. Pop. 4,300. 



Mona lisa. Name given to a 

 half-length portrait by Leonardo 

 da Vinci (q.v. ) in the Louvre, 

 Paris. The subject was a Floren- 

 tine lady, Lisa di Anton Maria di 

 Noldo Gherardini, who married 

 Francesco di Bartolommeo del 

 Giocondo in 1-195. From her mar- 

 ried name the picture is often 

 known aa La Gioconda or La 

 Joconde. It is painted in tempera 

 on a panel measuring 2 ft. (> ins. 

 by 1 ft. 9 ins., and was probably 

 executed between 1503-0. The 

 artist himself held the portrait 

 to be unfinished. It is believed 

 to have been purchased by 

 Francis I of France for 4,000 gold 

 florins. In Aug., 1911, it was 

 stolen from the Louvre, but was 

 discovered in Florence and re- 

 stored to its place in Dec., 1913. 



Mona Monkey. Species of 

 guenon monkey (Cercopithecus) 

 found in W. Africa. Its colour is 

 blackish brown on the back and 

 white on the under parts, and it 

 has a conspicuous white spot on 

 each hip close to the tail. The 

 face is purple, and the bushy side 

 whiskers are yellow. See Guenon. 



Monarch (Gr. monoa, alone ; 

 archein, to rule). Name for a ruler 

 whose authority is undivided. It 

 originated with the Greeks, who 

 classified states according to *heir 

 method of government. The 

 word monarchy was used through- 

 out the Middle Ages, and later for 

 the great states in which a single 

 ruler had supreme power, e.g. the 

 Hapsburg monarchy and the 

 French monarchy, and continually 

 appears in treatises on government, 

 e.g. Dante's De Monarchia. To- 

 day monarch is merely a synonym 

 for an emperor or king who rules 

 by hereditary right as opposed to 

 a president or elected head. 

 Monarchy is absolute when there 



Monaghan, Ireland. Interior of the Roman Catholic 

 cathedral, looking west from the chancel 



is no legal check on the power of 

 the ruler, limited when his power 

 is shared by other persons, such as 

 nobles or an elected body, whether 

 they derive their power from cus- 

 tom or from a constitution. See 

 Divine Right; Government; King; 

 Sovereignty ; State. 



Monarchianism. Name given 

 to a heresy propounded in the 2nd 

 and 3rd centuries by certain 

 Christians, who, under cover of up- 

 holding the monarchia, or original 

 oneness and sole government of 

 God, opposed the orthodox doc- 

 trine of the Trinity, on the ground 

 that it involved tritheism. This 

 heresy, which was denounus*! by 

 Justin Martyr (c. 100-165), appears 

 to have been introduced to Chris- 

 tianity by Alexandrian Jews and 

 Gnostics. The heresy was usually 

 presented in one of three forms. 

 The Adoptionist view was that 

 Christ was not essentially and 

 originally divine, but became the 

 Son of God by adoption of the 

 Father ; the Dynamistic view was 

 that Christ was a mere man, on 

 whom God the Father conferred 



Mona Monkey. Specimen of the 

 West African species of guenon 



divine powers ; 

 and the Modal Utie 

 view held Chrint 

 to be the Father 

 Himself incar- 

 nate. See Adop- 

 tioniam; Sabel- 

 lianinin ; Trinity. 

 Monarkite. 

 Safety explonive, 

 containing a high 

 proportion of 

 sodium chloride to 

 reduce the flame 

 temperature. Its 

 composition is as 

 follows: nitro- 

 glycerine (gelatin- 

 ised with - ~> p.c. 

 nitrocellulose), 12'3 p.c. ; ammon- 

 ium nitrate, 49'7 p.c. ; sodium 

 chloride, 24'5 p.c. ; sodium nitrate, 

 7'5 p.c. ; starch, 4 p.c. ; mineral 

 jelly, 2 p.c. See Explosives ; Safety 

 Kx plosives. 



Monash, SIR JOHN (b. 1865). 

 Australian soldier. Born at Mel- 

 bourne, June 27, 1865, of Jewish 

 parentage, he 

 graduated at 

 Melbourne 

 University, 

 and in 1884 

 began to prac- 

 tise as a civil 

 engineer. He 

 was a pioneer 

 in introducing 

 reinforced con- 

 crete into Aus- 

 t r a 1 i a , and 



became president of the Victorian 

 engineering institute. He entered 

 the Australian forces in 1887, and 

 rose to the rank of colonel. 



When the Great War began, 

 Monash was first of all chief censor. 

 In command of the 4th brigade 

 he went to Gallipoli, and remained 

 there until the evacuation, leading 

 his men in some of the most desper- 

 ate fighting, and then, after a rest 

 in Egypt, went to France, where he 

 commanded the 3rd Australian 

 division, which he led when the 

 Germans made their last attack in 

 March, 1918. On June 1 following, 

 he took command of the Australian 

 Corps, and retained it until the 

 armistice, when he became director- 

 general of demobilisation for Aus- 

 tralia. Knighted in 1918, he re- 

 turned to civilian life, 1920, and 

 was appointed manager of the 

 Morwell Brown coalfield scheme 

 in Victoria. See The Australian 

 Victories in France in 1918, Sir J. 

 s Monash, 1920. 



Monasterboice. Village of co. 

 Louth, Ireland. It is 5 m. N.W. of 

 Drogheda, and is famous for its 

 remains. These include two 

 churches, a round tower 110 ft. 

 high, and three fine crosses. 



Sir John Monash. 

 Australian soldier 



Banana, Ltd. 



