MONASTIR 



MONCALIERI 



the mure di-tinitr 



. viitioii. Hut no sketch of 

 ini.ii;iiti, i-m can be complete 

 wliirli ili>.-* not do justice to the un- 

 -<-l!i.>h, ln-iH-iifciit work of the in- 

 <li\iduul monk, and to the unani- 

 mity with whirh the modern world 

 has decided against all exceptional 

 priv ili 'iv-i f'"' tlii-se communities. 

 O. O. Ooulton 



'/nifln/. I. iii- in a Modern 



J. McCabe, 1898; 



1 ii-isin: Its Ideals and History, 



HUM-!., Kng. trans. E. K. 

 Kellrtt, 1901 ; English Monastic 



\bbot Gasquet, 1904; The 

 Kvolution of the Monastic Ideal 

 from the Kurliest Times to the 

 Coming of the Friars, H. B. Work- 

 iinm. 1913 ; Visitation of Religious 



. i-il. A. H. Thompson (pub. 

 Lincoln Meeord Society), 1918, etc. 



Monastir, BITOLIA OB BITOLJ. 



Tiiuri cf Sri l>ia, Yugo-Slavia. 

 I .".'i in. N.W. of Salonica, with 

 wliirh it is joined by rail, it was 

 1 the capital of a vilayet of the same 

 name, while Macedonia was under 

 ! Turkish rule, and was of impor- 

 | tance both militarily and com- 

 mercially. It was a Turkish depot, 

 had manufactures of leather and 

 J carpets, and exported grain. It was 

 all allotted to Serbia by the treaty 

 ; of Bukarest, 1913. During the Great 

 i War it was taken by the Bulgarians 

 in Dec., 1915, and regained by the 

 Allies Nov. 19, 191G. See Serbia, 

 Conquest of. 



Monastir, BATTLE OF. Serbian 

 victory over the Turks in the first 

 Balkan war in Nov., 1912. The main 

 Sei Man army, after its victory over 

 the Turks at Kumanovo, Oct. 23-24, 

 1912, advanced towards Monastir 

 in three columns, one of which took 

 Tetovo on Nov. 1, and another 

 Krushcvo on Nov. 6, Prilcp being 

 occupied on the previous day. The 

 Turks, commanded by Ali Riza, 

 took up a strong position on the N. 

 of Monastir, on a front of 16 m. 



The Serbs attacked on Nov. 15, 

 and next day made a successful 

 assault on the Turks' left wing. 

 On Nov. 17 a Turkish counter- 

 attack was repulsed, and the Serbs 

 advanced across the flooded Seven- 

 itza, the water in places coming up 

 to their necks. A general attack 

 by the Serbs on Nov. 18 drove in 

 the centre of the Turks, who broke 

 and fled, and the victors entered 

 Monastir. In this battle the Ser- 

 bians took 8,000 prisoners and 

 about 100 guns ; their losses in 

 killed and wounded were 5,000, 

 while those of the Turks were 7,000. 

 See Balkan Wars. 



Monastir, CAPTURE OF. Allied 

 victory over the Bulgarians in the 

 Great War, November, 1916. After 

 the capture of Fiorina, Sept. 18, 

 1916, by the Allies, French and 

 Russian forces on the plain and 



Serbian troops in the Moglena Mt. 

 on tho K. advanced in the attack 

 on Monaatir, which the Bulgarians 

 had occupied on Nov. 2, 1915. Both 

 tho Bulgarian positions could be 

 iiirm-fl from the mountains E. of the 

 city, and the mostimportantof these 

 mountains, the commanding height 

 of Kavmakchalan, had been cap- 

 in ic<l by the Serbians on the day 

 that Fiorina fell to the Allies. 



Throughout the closing days of 

 Sept. the Bulgarians tried, without 

 success, to regain Kavmakchalan. 

 On Sept. 30 the Serbians, under 

 Gen. Mishitch, held the whole of 

 this mountain, and on Oct. 3 the 

 Bulgarians abandoned the Starkov 

 Grob ridge, the Serbians pushing 

 on to Petalino and tho Tcherna 

 bend. By Oct. 8 the French were 

 within striking distance of Kenali. 

 After continuous heavy fighting 



Monazite. In mineralogy, the 

 name of an anhydrous phosphate 

 of the cerium group of metals, 

 chiefly cerium and lanthanum. 

 Yellow, red, or reddish-brown in 

 colour, monazite contains the rare 

 earths used in tho manufacture of 

 gas mantles. A constituent of 

 gneisses, granites, and pegmatites, 

 it is found in Brazil, the U.S.A., 

 Norway, Silesia, Australia, etc. 

 The deposits in N. Carolina are 

 found in river sands, and are ob- 

 tained by placer washing in a 

 similar way to gold washing. 



Monboddo, JAMES BURNETT, 

 LORD (1714-99). Scottish lawyer. 

 Born at Monboddo, Kincardine.- 

 shire, he was educated at Aberdeen 

 and Edinburgh. Called to the bar, 

 he rapidly acquired distinction, 

 and in 1767 became a lord of ses- 

 sion. Far in advance of his age, 



Monastir, Yugo-Slavia. General view of the Serbian town, the scene of much 

 fighting in the Balkan War of 1912 and the Great War 



the Serbians succeeded in crossing 

 the Tcherna between Oct. 9-17. 

 Meanwhile, on Oct. 14, the French 

 and Russians had assaulted the 

 Kenali line, but found it impossible 

 to take it by a frontal attack. 



In the mountains, fighting, in 

 which Gardilovo was taken and lost, 

 and bad weather delayed the ad- 

 vance of Mishitch, who, however, 

 drove the Bulgarians from the 

 Chuke heights on Nov. 10, and, 

 beating down several counter- 

 attacks, pushed on N., taking Iven, 

 Nov. 12, and Tepavci, Nov. 13-14. 

 The Bulgarians at Kenali were hope- 

 lessly outflanked, and on Nov. 14 

 they withdrew to the Bistritza, with 

 the French and Russians on their 

 heels. Again the Serbians advanced 

 among the hills and outflanked 

 Monastir itself. Finding it thus 

 untenable, the Bulgarians hastily 

 evacuated the city, and French 

 troops occupied it on Nov. 19. See 

 Salonica, Expedition to ; Serbia, 

 Conquest of. 



he studied the origins of mankind 

 from a new standpoint, and enun- 

 ciated his views boldly in The 

 Origin and 

 Prog ress of 

 Language, 

 1773, and An- 

 cient Meta- 

 physics, 1779- 

 99. Lord Mon- 

 boddo died 

 May 26, 1799. 

 He is most 

 generally re- 

 membered 

 fromBoswelTsfrequentreferencesto 

 his theories of human origin and Dr. 

 Johnson's comments on the same. 



Moncalieri. Town of Italy, 

 in the prov. of Turin. It stands on 

 the river Po, 5 m. by rly. S. of the 

 city of Turin. On a height above 

 the town is a royal palace dating 

 from 1470, rebuilt in the 17th cen- 

 tury, and containing a fine series of 

 pictures illustrating the history of 

 the house of Savoy. Pop. 12,900. 



Lord Monboddo, 

 Scottish lawyer 



