MONIFIETH 



B487 



MONK BRETTON 



Sir M. Monier- 



Williiinis. 

 British Orientalist 



was succeasiv ly < 



tal lan^ua^es at the Ka*t India 

 Ihnli \ I'ln \ , and i ! 



krit at < Kt-if.l, 

 where tin- In 



ill. Ml Institute 



was founded 

 mainly at hU 

 i in. Hi' 

 \i.ril 11, 



IVM Upmost 



i in p ci r t a n t 

 works a re Hin- 

 duism, 1877 ; 

 B n il dhis in. 

 1890; Hi ah 

 inaiiisin, 1891 ; Indian Wisdom, 

 and Sanskrit-English Die- 

 In mary, Is'.i'.t. 



Monifieth. Police burgh of For- 

 fiirshire, Scotland. It stands on 

 tin N. side of the Firth of Tay, G m. 

 iniiii Dundee, and has a station on 

 tin- N.B. Rly. The industries in- 

 clude jute mills and machinery 

 works. Until the 19th century it 

 was a seaside village Pop. 3,100. 

 Monism (Gr. tnonos, alone, 

 siiiL'lt ). Theory which refers all the 

 phenomena of the universe to a 

 sim.de principle, whatever this prin- 

 ciple may be. Thus materialists, 

 pantheists, idealists, hylozoists, are 

 all numists. Monism is thus op- 

 posed to duality and plurality. 

 While forced to acknowledge the 

 existence of contraries (body and 

 soul, mind and matter) it attempts 

 to remove them by explaining them 

 as modifications of a single funda- 

 mental principle. Thus, mind 

 and matter and their phenomena 

 are manifestations of some one 

 substance which is neither. The 

 term is also applied to that view 

 of the world which, denying any- 

 thing transcendent (beyond the 

 material universe), regards the 

 world as a connected whole varying 

 in accordance with fixed laws 

 inherent in itself, to which evn 

 man is subject. See Theism. 



Monist, THE. Anglo-American 

 pi n terly magazine. Founded in 

 1890 by Dr. Paul Cams, published 

 in London and Chicago, and de- 

 r oted to the discussion of various 

 aspects of monism and other philo- 

 sophical questions, it is issued in 

 England by the Open Court Co., 

 149, Strand, London, W.C. 

 Monitor (Varanus). Genus of 

 irge lizards of the family Var- 

 anidae. Including about 30 species, 

 they are found in Africa, Southern 



Asia, Australasia, and Oceania. 

 I>iMiiit.'iiiilied 1mm other li/anls 

 by their lonu forked tongue which 

 retracts into a ith a< 



in the snakes, they are long in 

 the body, have no dorsal en 

 thickly covered with smull scales. 

 and >omc attain a length of over 6 

 ft. In colour they range from 

 blackish to greenish brown and 

 L'rey. Most of them live in burrows 

 ii'-.-ir water, and are carnivorous, 

 rating birds, small mammal 

 and frogs. Monitors swim well with 

 the aid of their long and powerful 

 tails, used also as a weapon of de- 

 fence. They are eaten by the na- 

 tives in some parts of India, and 

 their eggs are highly esteemed in 

 Burma. See Lizard, colour plate. 



Monitor. Armoured vessel of 

 slow speed, light draught, and low 

 freeboard, designed to operate in 

 shallow waters. Her sides are 



Monitor employed by the British Navy. H.M.S. General 

 Wolfe, carrying an 18-in. gun 



Abrahams, Devonport 



heavily " blistered," i.e. have great, 

 out-curving bulges upon them for 

 the purpose of resisting torpedo 

 attack. Monitors carry only one or 

 two large guns and offer a very small 

 target. The first monitor was built 

 by John Ericsson and used in the 

 American Civil War. As the result 

 of its success British naval experts 

 urged the construction of a similar 

 type of ship, and out of this really 

 grew the turret-ship. But the 

 monitor proper was never seriously 

 developed, and previous to 1914 the 

 British navy possessed only a few 

 of these vessels. The first to be 

 used by them in the Great War were 

 originally built for the Brazilian 

 navy. They were employed on the 

 Belgian coast, 1914 and 1918, the 

 Severn (q.v. ), Mersey (q.v. ), and 

 Humber being conspicuous. As 

 the Great War proceeded more 



po\\ ci ful monitor* were built, until 

 vessels of thi.s kind were capable of 

 mounting an IX in. ^MJII. They 

 weir later di.spuM-d of. Sff. Ameri- 

 can Civil War; Ericsson, John; 

 Hamjiton Roads; Mcrrimac ; 

 Navy, British. 



Monk (I &t. inonarftiui, from Gr. 

 IHIHUIH, alone). Solitary person, 

 ami >pe. iii.-ally a male member of a 

 monastic community. Originally it 

 was applied to the hermits who 

 passed their lives in solitude in 

 -I' 'it places. At a later date these 

 solitaries were collected in villages 

 or lauras, where they dwelt apart, 

 but met for divine worship and 

 were under the control of an abbot. 

 From this developed the practice of 

 living in community in a coenobium 

 or monastery but the old name 

 was maintained. 



Until the 13th century the name 

 monk was in general use for a 

 i member of a re- 

 ligious order, but 

 the rise of the 

 friars introduced a 

 new type of re- 

 'j ligious life, and the 

 term became re- 

 stricted to mem- 

 bers of the older 

 orders of enclosed 

 monks as distin- 

 guished from the 

 wandering friars. 

 Strictly speaking, 

 it is now applied 

 only to the Bene- 

 dictines and the 

 various ancient 

 orders which have sprung from 

 them, or were modelled on the Bene- 

 dictine Rule, as the Cistercians, 

 Augustinians, and Carthusians. See 

 Asceticism; Benedictine; Black 

 Friar; Carmelites; Carthusians; 

 Cluniac, etc. ; Hermit; Monasticism. 

 Monk, GENERAL. See Albemarle. 

 Monk Bretton OR BURTON 

 Urban dist. of Yorkshire (W.R.) 

 It is 2 m. from Barnsley. Now an 

 industrial area with textile fac- 

 tories, it has the remains of a 

 monastery founded in 1157, hence 

 its name. Pop. 4,800. 



Monk Bretton, BARON. British 

 title held since 1884 by the family 

 of Dodson. John George Dodson 

 (1825-97), the 



Monitor. Specimen of Desert Monitor, Varanus griseus 



son of Sir John 

 Dodson (1780- 

 1858), a promi- 

 nent lawyer, 

 was born Oct. 

 18,1825. Edu- 

 cated at Eton 

 and Christ 

 Church, Ox- 

 ford, he spent 

 some years in 

 travel, and in 

 1857 entered 



2nd Baron 



Monk Bretton, 



British politician 



fllioll 4 fry 



