MONOCOTYLEDON 



MONOPOLY 



Monocotyledon (<!r.). <)m <>\ 



tin- tuo well- marked di\ isionsot the 



. ui 111. \\i-rinn plants 



railed fnnii tin- seed, the 

 . ml. i yi. I., in- pi"\i.l'-d witli only 



\ It ill. it i.i MM-d leuf. Agrain 

 oi wheat or iiiiii/.r mi germinating 

 >riids HP at liixt a single leaf 

 (monoeotx ledon) ; u l>ean or acorn 

 at tlii- same stage f development 

 rxliihits two leaves (dicotyledons). 

 Tin 1 leaves an- lonLMuul narrow, and 

 their veins run paiallel to eadi 

 oilier; the steins do not have 



i iy wood, and the (lowers 



always have their parts in 

 threes or multiples of three. 

 Monod, (i.M-.KiKi. (1844-1912). 



Frelieli historian. Horn at IngOU- 



rille, I! M h 7, isj t. the >-.ni 

 E] And grandson 



j of Protestant 

 * ministers, h e 

 i was educated 

 in Havre and 

 ^ f 3 Paris. After 

 travelling and 

 studying in 

 Italy and Ger- 

 many, he be- 

 Gabnel Monod. came, in 1808, 

 French historian lecturer on 

 history at the Eeole des Hautes 

 Ktudes, Paris. He was afterwards 

 in succession professor of history 

 there, at the Ecole Normale, and 

 the university of Paris, retiring in 

 1 '.u 15. I n 1875 he founded La Revue 

 llistorii|ne. Mmiod's writings deal 

 largely with the sources of French 

 history, and include Bibliographic 

 de 1'Histoire de France, 1888. He 

 died April 10, 1912. 



Monogenism (Gr. monos, sin- 

 gle ; genos, kind). Theory at- 

 tributing to all mankind descent 

 from one original stock, and specifi- 

 cally from a single pair. Its alter- 

 native, polygenism, accounts for 

 the physical diversity of the white, 

 yellow, and black races by postulat- 

 ing for man a plural origin. Some 

 monogenists content themselves 

 with the traditional interpretation 

 of the Biblical story of Adam and 

 Eve as the first parents of the 

 human race. Others rely upon 

 biological evidence of the specific 

 unity of mankind in the fact that 

 any interracial union may produce 

 fertile offspring. See Anthropology. 



Monogram (Gr. monos, single ; 

 '[run/ ma, letter). Term usually 

 applied to a combination of two 

 or more letters - 

 into a single 

 eiphor, used as 

 a kind of 

 heraldic device 

 in lieu of crest 

 or arms on 



ete.; by artists Monogfam combining 



and craftsmen utters ALNM 



Monocotyledon. Diagrammatic re- 

 presentation ol the difference be- 

 tween seedlings of (1) Monocotyle- 

 don, and (2) Dicotyledon. 1. Ger- 

 minated seed of maize, 8, with single 

 cotyledon, C. 2. Seedling o! bean, 

 with two cotyledons (C C). The first 

 true leaves, L, are seen above the 

 cotyledons 



for authenticating their work, e.g. 

 pictures and pottery; in commerce 

 as trade-marks ; and, generally, for 

 various similar purposes. Familiar 

 examples are the sacred monogram 

 embroidered or engraved on ecclesi- 

 astical vestments and utensils, and 

 the royal and imperial cipher seen 

 on the insignia of some orders of 

 knighthood, as on the grand cross 

 of the royal Victorian order. See 

 Labarum. 



Monograph (Gr. mono*, single ; 

 graphein, to write). Book, pam- 

 phlet, or work, giving an account or 

 description of some single thing or 

 connected series of things. 



Monolith (Gr. monos, single; 

 lithos, stone). Stone block, usually 

 monumental and of large dimen- 

 sions. It may be an unhewn men- 

 hir ; the capstone or support of a 

 megalithic monument ; a hewn 

 obelisk ; a sarcophagus ; a sculp- 

 tured temple, or a colossal statue. 

 T\\o statues of Rameses II at 

 Thebes weighed 900 tons each. 

 There are roof-beams 40 ft. long at 

 Thebes ; 170-ton lintels in Peru ; 

 a partly quarried block, 68 ft. long, 

 of 1,100 tons at Baalbek. Huge 

 monolithic sarcophagi in Egypt, 

 and sculptured deities in India 

 and Easter Island are extant. See 

 Assyria ; Carnac ; Inca. 



Monomania (Gr. mania, mad- 

 ness). Insanity with regard to one 

 subject or group of subjects. See 

 Insanity. 



Monongahela. River of the 

 U.S.A. Rising in Marion co., W. 

 Virginia, it flows N.E. to its junc- 

 tion with the Cheat and thence N. 

 to unite with the Allegheny at 

 Pittsburg in forming the Ohio. 

 About 230 in. long, its main channel 

 is navigable throughout. 



Monongahela. City of Pennsyl- 

 vania, U.S.A., in Washington co. 

 On the Monongahela river, 30 m. S. 

 of Pittsburg, it is served by the 

 Pittsburg and Lake Erie and the 

 Pennsylvania rlys. It has planing 



mills and iron and steel worlu, and 

 manufactures glass, flour, and 

 pap.r. Monongahela was settled 

 IT'JJ. incorporated 1833, and char- 

 tered as a city 1873. Pop. 8,700. 



Monophysites (Gr. mono*, 

 single ; phyiui, nature). Followers 

 of a heresy which gave rise to a 

 schism in the Eastern Churches 

 after the Council of Chalcedon in 

 451, and spread widely in Egypt 

 and Asia Minor. It taught that 

 the divine and human nature- 

 were so intimately united in the 

 one Christ that He is partly 

 divine and partly human, yet that 

 the two nature, became actually 

 one. This heresy was developed by 

 Dioscorus, patriarch of Alexan- 

 dria, and its condemnation by the 

 Orthodox Church was rejected by 

 the Coptic Church, which has ever 

 since held an isolated position. 

 The heresy was repeatedly con- 

 demned by the Church councils, 

 and the Monophysites split into 

 several sects. It now exists only 

 in name, the actual teaching of 

 the Coptic Church and other 

 Jacobite bodies being apparently 

 orthodox. See Jacobite Church. 



Monoplane. In aeronautics, 

 name given to a type of aeroplane 

 which has only one set of main 

 supporting surfaces. Many of the 

 earliest types of aeroplanes were 

 monoplanes, this type of flying 

 machine being more efficient in 

 lifting power for each square foot 

 of surface than the biplane or the 

 multiplane. It is, however, not so 

 easy to strengthen properly as the 

 biplane, and the expanse of its 

 wings must necessarily be much 

 greater for carrying a given load 

 than machines with two or more 

 wings. One of the earliest of suc- 

 cessful monoplanes was that of 

 Louis Bleriot.which flew the English 

 Channel, July 25. 1909, and since 

 then the type has been successfully 

 developed for war purposes its 

 structure allowing a pilot a better 

 view than any other type except 

 the flying boat. See Aeroplane. 



Monopoli. Seaport of Italy, in 

 the prov. of Bari. It stands on the 

 Adriatic, 8 m. by rly. S.E. of 

 Polignano, and 26 m. S.E. of Bari. 

 It has a castle, built by Charles V in 

 1552, and a cathedral. Oil, wine, 

 flour, fruit, etc., are exported, and 

 woollen and cotton goods manu- 

 factured. Pop. 24,100. ( ) 



Monopoly (Gr. monos, alone ; 

 jidlein, to sell). Exclusive right to 

 trade in particular commodities. 

 In England such rights were 

 granted by successive sovereigns 

 to certain favoured subjects, to the 

 disadvantage of all possible rivals 

 and of consumers. The practice 

 provoked growing public hos- 

 tility, and reached its height in 



