MONTALEMBERT 



409 



MONT BLANC 



ami \V. I'. il:i/lill, 



# also Representative 



M.-M, I: \\ . i is ." . 



M.. m ign, \\ I. (''.MiiiM, 1879 : 



.M. ,!. M., M. !:. l.ovvnd,-. IS'.is ; 



< I.I M.'s T'HV . 



\\ 0. \\ Atera, limit : Kurly Writings, 

 in. and Intlu. mi- of M., 

 n. I'.HU unit 1908 ; 

 v Portraits, C. Wliilili'v. 

 n. de M.. K. H.)\v.|i-n, 1908; 

 Hady, i: w. n.-n-l. I90fi ; 



1 S||.lke>|ieiMV. .1. M. 



OH, I'.HI'.I; M. ,1,. M.. Ivlith 



ln -I, 1911 ; the essays of Sainte- 

 and rhe Times,* Sept. .'i.l.S'.ii'. 

 Montalembert,CHAitLEsFoRBKs 



rOH, Cc.MTK DE (1810-70). 



I'Yeneh politii MII and man of let- 

 ters. Horn in 

 I ."in 1 1 >[ i. son 

 of an emigre 

 of noble fami- 

 ly. IK' returned 

 to France on 

 the Restora- 

 tion, and be- 

 came known 

 asthefomider, 

 with Lamen- 

 nais (g.v. ), of 

 the journal 



L'Avenir, 1830, and a champion of 

 use of religious liberty. He 



died in Paris, March 13, 1870. His 



numerous writings include Vie de 



S. Elisabeth de Hongrie, 183G 

 irans. 1904); DCS Jnt6rcls 



Catholiques au XIXe Siccle, 1852 ; 



I. is Monies d'Occident depuis S. 



Bcnoit jusqu'a S. Bernard, Eng. 



trans. Is; Mi. 

 Montalembert, MARC 11 KM':. 



Mu:t>ris DE (1714-1800). French 



writer on fortifications. Born at 



A 11 ^ouleme, 



< 'han nte, July 



16, 1714, he 

 n t c r e d the 



army in 1732, 



mid saw active 



serviee in Ger- 

 many, Italy, 



and I'.ohemia. 



He \\aselected 



a member of 



the French 



Academy of 



Comte de Monla- 



lembert, 

 French politician 



Marquis de Montalem- 

 bert, French writer 



Wl 



ad 

 P 



Sciences, and in 

 1776-8(5 published La Fortification 

 IVrpendiculaire. His theories, on 

 \\hieh was founded the system 

 polygonal defence, were first 



opted liv Prussia. He died in 

 March 21>. 1800. -See Vauban, 

 tfontalembert, Carnot : Kngineer 

 Studies, K. .M. Lloyd, 1887. 



Montana. State of the U.S.A. 

 The \\ r . portion is traversed by the 

 Rocky .Mts., whence the surface 

 descends E. to a rolling plain, inter- 

 spersed with valleys ; alt. ranges 

 fr<>m 2.000 ft. in the E. to 5,000 ft. 

 at the base of the Rockies. The 

 head-waters of the Missouri and 

 Columbia rivers take their rise in 

 Montana, and the Yellowstone, 



Milk, and other 

 Missouri alllui nt - 



help to di. MII the 



state. Aj-'inul 



tlire.e\eept III the 



valleys, largely 

 de pe| ids on irriga- 

 tion, wheat, oats, 

 barley, and other 

 crops being ex- 

 tensively cultiva- 

 ted ; stock-rear- 

 ing is a valuable 

 occupation. The 

 mineral r e- 

 sources, especi- 

 ally copper, are the greatest asset 

 of the state. Coal, lead, and silver 

 are the most important of the 

 other minerals. There is a state 

 university at Missoula and 4,450 m. 

 of rlys. Two senators and two re- 

 presentatives are sent to Congress. 

 It was admitted to the Union in 

 1889. Female suffrage was adopted 

 in 1914. Helena is its capital. Area, 

 147,182 sq. m. ; pop. 548,900. 



Montanism. Christian heresy 

 which arose in Phrygia in the 2nd 

 century under the teaching of 

 Montanus. He claimed to be 

 specially inspired by the Holy 

 Spirit, and, together with two 

 women, to be endowed with power 

 to make known special revelations 

 to the Church. His main teachings 

 were, that mortal sin may be par- 

 doned by God, but cannot be for- 

 given by the Church ; that second 

 marriages are unlawful for Chris- 

 tians ; that all Christians should 

 lead ascetic lives ; that no Christian 

 should avoid or flee from persecu- 

 tion. Montanus became more or 

 less identified by his more ignorant 

 followers with the Holy Spirit Him- 

 self, and his later followers bap- 

 tized converts in the name of the 

 Father, the Son, and Montanus. 

 The heresy was condemned by the 

 council of Constantinople in 381. 



Montargis. Town of France, in 

 the dept. of Loiret. It stands on 

 the river Loing, here met by the 

 Vernisson, 47 m. by rly. E. of 

 Orleans. It is a rly. junction, and, 

 as the meeting-place of the three 

 canals of the Loing, Orleans, and 

 Briare, is an important trade 

 centre. In the 14th century Aubrey 

 de Montdidier was murdered in the 

 forest near this town by Robert 

 .Macaire. His dog hunted down the 

 murderer, and Charles V ordered 

 Macaire to fight the animal, whHi 

 dragged him down and thus made 

 him confess. Pop. 13,000. 



Montauban. Village of France, 

 in the dept. of Somme. It is 4 m. 

 E. of Albert, and was prominent in 

 the Great War. It was captured by 

 the 17th Manchesters (30th diT.) 

 on July 1, 1916. Retaken by the 

 Germans in March, 1918, it was 



Montauban, Tarn-et-Garonne, France. View ol the river 

 Tarn, where it flows through the town 



finally recovered by the British in 

 Aug. See Bapaume, Battle of; 

 Somme, Battles of the. 



Montauban, in the dept. of Tarn- 

 et-Garonne, is a noted Protestant 

 centre. It carries on a trade in 

 agricultural produce, oil, and wine. 

 Pop. 29,800. 



Montbeliard. Town of France, 

 in the dept. of Doubs. It lies llm. 

 by rly. S.S.W. of Belfort, at the 

 meeting of the Allaine and the 

 Lisaine, and on the Rhone-Rhine 

 canal. Clock- and watch-making 

 and cotton-spinning are carried on. 

 The town was the capital of a 

 county which, as Mompelgard, 

 formed part of Wurttemberg, 1397- 

 1793. Pop. 10,600. 



Mont Blanc (Fr., white moun- 

 tain). Loftiest peak of the Alps, 

 on the Franco-Italian frontier, in 

 Haute Savoie and Piedmont. The 

 summit, which is in France, reaches 

 an alt. of 15.781 ft. The main mass 

 runs N.E. between the Little and 

 Great St. Bernard Mts., and the 

 principal peaks are the Dome du 

 Gofiter (14,210 ft.), Aiguille du 

 Midi (12,608 ft.), Grandes Jorasses 

 (13,797 ft.), Aiguille Verte (13,540 

 ft.), Aiguille du Dru (12,320 ft.), 

 and that of Argentiere (12,820 ft.). 

 It is mainly composed of granitic 

 rock, and great glaciers stretch 

 down it. The limit of the snow- 

 line is about 8,500 ft. alt. 



Mont Blanc was first ascended 

 on Aug. 8, 1786, by Dr. Paccard 

 and his guide, 1 '.aiin.it. It is now 

 easily accessible from Chamonix 

 (7.?'.), and ascents are made nearly 

 every day during the summer 

 season. The principal passes are 

 the Col de la Brenva (14,216 ft.), 

 the Col du Geant (11,060 ft.), and 

 theCol d'Argentiere(ll,537ft.). On 

 Nov. 23, 1920, the vast ice cap on 

 its summit slipped from its place, 

 carrying with it a huge block of the 

 limestone peak. In July, 1921, a 

 Swiss airman landed on the Dome 

 du Goiiter and ascended from it. See 

 Aiguille Verte ; Alps ; Crevasse ; 

 Glacier; Merde Glace; Mountain- 

 eering; consult also The Chain of 

 Mont Blanc, L. Km/. Eng. trans. 

 W. A. B. Coolidge, 1892. 



