M U N T 1 M 



3503 



MONTEPULCIANO 



Montcni. Name given to a 

 ;,.i iiM-i'y "I 'T\ed nt Kton 

 K\ei\ Mini yerlr on Wllit- 

 \ .til tin- I toys, lc<l ! 



'MM.!, Ilialeh'-d In 

 an i-lilillflli-r r;lllril Salt Hill, 



w hence (he phrase ml tninitfm (Lat. 

 tn tin- liill), and collected nn.ifv 

 - hence i-.tllnl -.i!t from the 

 .f the ceremony. The 

 -urn eolleeted -oinetiiiics exceeded 

 VI. ooo, .ui.l \\ n given to the 

 rapt lin nt the school as a contri- 

 hntioii towards the cost of his 

 maintenance at the university. 

 llo\\ the cu-toin originated is nt 

 know n. It \\ as in existence as early 

 I ami was observed until 

 ls||. S; Kton. 



Montenegro (Serb. Crna Gora, 

 Ha. k mountain). Former king- 

 dom ..f Central Europe, now part 

 of Yugo-Slavia. Forming part of 

 r-t limestone heights which 

 he N. !'.. Adriatic Sea, it lies 

 :i Herzegovina and Albania, 

 and, like them, drops steeply to 

 the narrow Dalmatian coast strip ; 

 inland it descends almost equally 

 abruptly to the plains of Serbia. 

 Its inaccessibility long enabled a 

 branch of the Serbs to maintain 

 its independence against Venetians, 

 Turks, and Austrians. It extends 

 about 115 m. from N. toS. and from 

 K. to \V., and has an area of nearly 

 6,000 sq. m. In the N.E. and S.E. 

 t he peaks rise to 8,000 ft. ; those in 

 the N.E. are bare, desolate lime- 

 stone; in the S.E. the Brda is 

 forested and well watered. 



I'.v rhe treaty of Berlin in 1878 

 Montenegro gained a short coast- 

 line, including the harbours of 

 Antivari and Dulcigno and a 

 section of the plain surrounding 

 the lake of Scutari. The Zeta 

 l!o\\s into this lake, the Tara and 

 Lim <;o N.W. to the Drina, and 

 the 1 >rin and its affluents drain the 

 plain of Jakova. 



The people, who number 440,000, 

 in general adhere to the Greek 

 Orthodox Church under a metro- 

 politan bishop; there is a Ro- 

 itholic archbishop at Anti- 

 '. ui. Moat of them live on the 

 land under the South Slav system 

 o! communal landholding. Maize, 

 tobacco, oats, barley, and buck- 

 uh'-at are produced in small 

 uantities. In favourable situa- 

 ,ons vine and olives are grown. 



ttl" rearing is of considerable 



portance. 



A narrow gauge rly. i& >pen from 

 Antivari to Vir Pazar and good 

 carriage roads afford communi- 

 between the principal 

 ( Vtigne is the capital, 

 Jakova the largest town. 



After the great Serbian defeat 

 it iv.-i.suvo, 1389, the Montenegrins 

 established themselves within their 



momi'ain fa n.-ses under a 

 Serbian dynasty, h.inilo I'etiovieh 

 proclaimed him-elf vladika or 

 prince lii-lmp in 1(11)7, and .-t iv ir.'t h- 

 ened his position by an alliance 

 with lln--sia. The combina'ion of 

 spiritual and temporal authority 

 was rotaiii'-d by successive rulers 

 until 1S")I, when Peter Pet rovich II 

 died, and his successor Danilo I 

 became gosnodar or prince, a title 

 recognized by France and Russia 

 at the Congress of Paris in 1850. 

 My the Berlin Treaty, 1878, the 

 independence of the principality 

 was formally recognized by Turkey 

 and the remaining signatory 

 powers. A constitution was for- 

 mally adopted in 1905 and the first 

 Skupshtina, or National Assembly, 

 met in 190(5. On the jubilee of his 

 accession. Nicholas I assumed in 

 1910 the title of king. Montenegro 

 acted with Serbia in the Balkan 

 wars, and in consequence re- 

 ceived accessions of territory and 

 pop., including nearly half of the 

 sanjak of Novi Pazar. 



Montenegro sided with the 

 Allies during the Great War ; after 

 the armistice, Nicholas being an 

 absentee in France and the king- 

 dom in the hands of Serbian troops, 

 a national assembly was elected 

 and met at Podgoritza on Nov. 24, 

 1918. Within two days Nicholas 

 was deposed, and it was decided to 

 unite with Yugo-Slavia. These 

 developments were, after a con- 

 siderable delay, approved by the 

 Peace Conference. See Yugo- 

 slavia. B. C. Wallis 



Bibliography. The Balkans, \V. 

 Miller, new ed. 1908; The Burden of 

 the Balkans, M. E. Durham, 1912; 

 A History of Montenegro, F. S. 

 Stevenson, 1914; Montenegro in 

 History, Policy, and War, A. Devine, 

 1918; Peace Handbooks, No. 19, 

 Montenegro, pub. H.M. Stationery 



Olliee, 1920. 



Montenegro, CONQUEST OF. 

 When Austria declared war on 

 Serbia on July 28, 1914, Monte- 

 negro at once threw in her lot with 

 the Serbians, whose king. Peter, 

 had married a daughter of her 

 own king, Nicholas. In conjunc- 

 tion with the Serbians, the Monte- 

 negrins, whose forces were militia, 

 40,000 in number, with very little 

 artillery, invaded Bosnia in the 

 first stages of the war, and all 

 through the four invasions of 

 Serbia rendered good service by 

 protecting the left flank of the 

 Serbian armies. 



As soon as the combined efforts 

 of the Austro-German and Bulgar- 

 ian armies had driven the Serbian 

 armies out of Serbia, Austria 

 undertook the conquest of Monte- 

 negro. A Bulgarian force co- 

 operated by taking Jakova on 

 Dec. 3, 1914. During that month 



the Aiutrians advanced a short 

 Montenegro, and 



captured 1'levlie Ip"k ill, ' 



pone, but suffered 11 repulse at 

 t/. In tin- butt days of the 



year Mount l,o\tehen, the chief 

 xtrotm'hold of th" Mout-i. 

 and the position protect 

 was heavily shelled. On Jan. 6, 

 1910, the Austrian commander 



: attacked the Montenegrin* 



on the Tara, Lim, and I bar, and 

 severely bombarded Mount Jvt- 

 chcn from warchipa in the Gulf 

 of Cattaro. 



Berane, a town on the Lim, wan 

 captured on Jan. 10, and Mount 

 I^ovtchen fell on the same day, the 

 Austrians everywhere being in 

 overwhelming force, and the 

 Montvnegrins short of guns, muni- 

 tions, *nd food. With Ixn'tchen in 

 the hands of the Austrians, the 

 Montenegrins evacuated Cetigne, 

 which was occupied by Kovess on 

 Jan. 13. Negotiations took place, 

 the object of Montenegro being to 

 gain time to ensure the retreat of 

 her forces to Podgoritza and 

 Scutari, and thence into Albania. 

 The king and the royal family, 

 with the government, escaped to 

 Italy. Continuing their advance, 

 the Austrians took Scutari on 

 Jan. 23, and San Giovanni di 

 Medua on Jan. 25, thereafter 

 marching S. to Durazzo. By the 

 end of Jan., 1916, Austria was in 

 full occupation of Montenegro. 



At the end of Oct., 1918, the 

 advance of the Italians through 

 Albania, and of the Serbians and 

 the French on the S.E., determined 

 the Austrians to withdraw with- 

 out offering serious resistance. 

 Scutari was entered by the Italians 

 on Nov. 1, and a little later they 

 entered also the coast towns of 

 Antivari and Dulcigno, while the 

 Serbians had occupied Podgoritza 

 and Cetigne. 



Montenotte. Village of Italy, 

 in the prov. of Genoa. It stands 

 among the Ligurian Alps, 8 m. 

 N.W. of Savona. It gives its name 

 to the battle fought, April 12, 

 1796, when Napoleon gained his 

 first victory over the Austrians. 

 The battle was not decisive, and 

 the whole of the French army was 

 not engaged ; but the Austrians, 

 seeing their line of retreat threat- 

 ened, fell back on Dego, which 

 was stormed two days later. .Vtr 

 Napoleonic Campaigns. 



Montepulciano. City of Italy, 

 in the prov. of Siena. It stands on 

 a hill, alt. 2,000 ft., 28 m. (44 m. by 

 rly.) S.E. of Siena. A walled and 

 picturesque city, it has a Renais- 

 sance cathedral, several fine 

 churches, the Palazzo Comunale, 

 and many other palaces. It is 

 noted for its wine. Pop. 1K,000. 





