MONTROSE 



55 1 4 



MONTYON 



1st Marquess of Mont- 

 rose, Scottish so'dier 



Alter Dnbson 



the accession of George I, helped 

 forward the union of the Parlia- 

 ments, and in 1707 was made a 

 duke. After this event he was a 

 secretary of state and keeper of the 

 great seal of Scotland, 1716-33. 

 The 3rd and 4th dukes were both 

 Tory politicians. In 1853 the earl 

 of Crawford claimed the dukedom, 

 but his suit before the House of 

 Lords failed. The duke sits in the 

 House of Lords as Earl Graham, a 

 title dating from 1722. His chief 

 seat is Buchanan Castle, near Glas- 

 gow, and his eldest son is known as 

 the marquess of Graham. 



Montrose, JAMES GRAHAM, IST 

 MARQUESS OF (1612-50). Scottish 

 soldier. He succeeded his father 

 as 5th earl of 

 Montrose, 

 Nov. 14, 1626, 

 and then went 

 to S. Andrew s 

 University. 

 Hia mother 

 was Margaret, 

 eldest daugh- 

 ter of William 

 Ruthven, 1st 

 earl of Gowrie. 

 In 1637 he 

 took an active 

 part in drawing up the National 

 Covenant, but soon found himself 

 in complete antagonism to Argyll 

 and other leaders, and became in 

 Scotland the foremost champion 

 of the crown. In lf>44, when the 

 Scots army entered England in 

 alliance with the English Parlia- 

 ment, Scotland not having been 

 hitherto in open rebellion, Mon- 

 trose obtained a commission as 

 lieutenant-general from the king 

 at Oxford, passed into Scotland in 

 disguise, and raised the well-affected 

 clans of the highlands on behalf of 

 the king, the Scots having set up 

 a government of their own. 



At the head of a small force, 

 barely numbering 2,000 men, 

 Montrose, who had been created 

 marquess, conducted in the High- 

 lands a brilliant series of cam- 

 paigns, winning victory after vic- 

 tory over forces thrice as numerous 

 as his own at Tippermuir, Sept. 1, 

 1644, Inverlochy, Feb. 2, 1645, 

 and Kilsyth, Aug. 15, where for 

 once he had 5,000 men. This vic- 

 torv seemed to place the lowlands 

 at his mercy, but when he ad- 

 vanced the clansmen melted away, 

 and he had with him less than 

 1,000 men when he was surprised 

 and his troops were cut to pieces by 

 a superior force under David Leslie 

 at Philiphaugh, Sept. 13. 



Finding now that the royalist 

 cause was hopelessly lost, Mont- 

 rose escaped abroad ; but in 1649, 

 when the English Parliament had 

 beheaded Charles I, he resolved on 



one more desperate effort on be- 

 half of Charles II. In April, 1650, he 

 landed in Caithness, but few men 

 rallied to his standard, his small 

 force was dispersed at Inver- 

 charron, April 27, and he himself 

 was captured and delivered or be- 

 trayed into the hands of the Scots 

 government, by whom he was sen- 

 tenced to be hanged and dismem- 

 bered as a traitor. The capital 

 sentence was carried out in the 

 Grassmarket, Edinburgh, May 21, 

 1650. Eleven years later the re- 

 mains of the " great marquess " 

 were buried in S. Giles's, where 

 a monument was erected in 1888. 

 Bibliography. Memoirs of Mont- 

 rose, 2 vols., M. Napier, 1856 ; 

 Memoirs of James Graham, Marquis 

 of Montrose, trans, from the Latin 

 of G. Wishart, A. D. Murdoch and 

 H. F. M. Simpson, 1893 : Lives, 

 Lady Violet Greville, 1886; M. 

 Morris, 1892; Mrs. H. Price, 1912 ; 

 J. Buchan, 1913. 



Mont St. Michel. Village of 

 France, in dept. of Manche. It is 

 built on a steep granite rock about 

 160 ft. high, in the Bay of St. 

 Michel, about m. from the main- 

 land to which a raised causeway 

 runs. On top of the rock stands the 

 old Benedictine Abbey, and the 

 picturesque effect of the roek 

 crowned with the great church and 

 spire, has made it widely famous. 



The abbey, founded by S. Au- 

 bert of Avranches in 708, was one 

 of the greatest religious houses of 

 Normandy, and a favourite place 

 of pilgrimage, and became a not- 

 able centre of learning. Monks 

 from the abbey of S. Maur replaced 

 the Benedictines in 1622, but the 

 buildings became state property at 

 the Revolution. Under Napoleon 

 III several political prisoners were 

 kept here, but in 1863 it again 

 became a religious house. Since 

 1874 it has been under the care of 

 the Commission des Monuments 

 Historiques. The church, begun 



in the llth century, has a 15th cen- 

 tury Gothic choir and a tower and 

 spire; the 13th century cloisters 

 are of carved granite, and the large 

 building known as La Merveille is 

 also notable. The bay is noted 

 for its dangerous quicksands ; much 

 land has been reclaimed on the S. 

 shore near the Mont. Pop. 300. 



Mont St. Quentin. Hill and 

 village of France, in the dept. of 

 Somme, 1 J r.i. N. of Peronne. Dur- 

 ing the later stages of the Great 

 War they were taken by the French 

 in the spring of 1917 ; and the 

 height, 345 ft., yielded to tho Ger- 

 mans by the British in March, 

 1918, was gallantly stormed by the 

 2nd Australian div. on the night of 

 Aug. 31. See Australia and the 

 Great War ; Bapaume, Battle of ; 

 Somme, Second Battle of. 



Montserrat. One of the Lee- 

 ward Islands, British W. Indies. 

 It is situated in the Caribbean Sea, 

 27 m. S.W. of Antigua, has a 

 length of 12 m., and a maximum 

 breadth of 8 m. ; area about 34 

 sq. m. Of volcanic formation, it 

 rises in Mt. Chances to over 3,000 

 ft. It has thermal springs, and at 

 the Soufriere, the highest point on 

 the island, are steam vents and 

 sulphur and gypsum deposits. 

 Well timbered and watered, it pro- 

 duces cotton, limes, sugar, papain, 

 cocoa, coffee, pineapple, oranges, 

 bananas, and other fruits. Lime 

 juice and citrate of lime are manu 

 factured. The chief town is Ply- 

 mouth. First colonised by the 

 English in 1632, it was occupied by 

 the French for short periods in the 

 17th and 18th centuries. There 

 are executive and legislative coun- 

 cils. Pop. 12,200. 



Monryon, A.\TOTNE JEAN BAP- 

 TISTS ROBERT AUGET, BARON DE 

 (1733-1820). French philanthro- 

 pist. Born in Paris, Dec. 23, 1733, 

 he became a lawyer, and in 1775 

 was made a councillor of state. 



Mont St. Michel, France. The south-east aspect of the rock, crowned by the 

 Benedictine abbey, seen from the causeway 



