MOODY 



Sikhs, leaving 17 guns behind 

 them, fled. The British lost 900 

 killed and wounded out of 10,000 

 engaged. The Sikhs were perhaps 

 20,000 strong. See Sikh Wars. 



Moody, DWIGHT LYMAN (1837- 

 99). American revivalist. Born at 

 Northfield, Mass., Feb. 5, 1837, he 

 became a busi- 

 ness man in 

 Chicago. Later 

 he took charge 

 ofaY.M.C.A. ; 

 and,after!840, 

 in company 

 with Ira D. 

 Sankey (1840- 

 1908) travelled 



throughout 

 Amer . c & and 



Great Britain, 

 holding revival services. His later 

 years were devoted to the founding 

 and organizing of a training institu- 

 tion for lay preachers at Northfield. 

 He published several volumes of 

 sermons and addresses, and was as- 

 sociated with his colleague in the 

 compilation of Sacred Songs and 

 Solos, 1873. He died Dec. 22, 1899. 

 See Life, W. R. Moody, 1900. 



Moody, FANNY (b. 1866). Brit- 

 ish vocalist. Born at Redruth, 

 Cornwall, Nov. 23, 1866, she 

 studied in Lon- 

 don. Her debut 

 was made at 

 Liverpool, 

 where she sang 

 soprano with 

 the Carl Rosa 

 Company in 

 1887. She 

 quickly be- 

 came popular, 

 and was for 

 four years 

 prima-donna at Co vent Garden, in 

 addition singing for many choral 

 societies in Great Britain, America, 

 and elsewhere. In 1890 she married 

 Southcote Mansergh, known pro- 

 fessionally as Charles Manners, and 

 in 1897 they founded the Moody 

 Manners Opera Co. 



Moody, WILLIAM VAUGHAN 

 (1869-1910). American poet and 

 dramatist. He was born at Spencer, 

 Indiana, July 8, 1869, and educa- 

 ted at Harvard. After travelling in 

 Europe he became instructor in 

 English at Chicago University. The 

 first of his poetic plays, The Masque 

 of Judgment, 1900, was followed 

 by The Fire-Bringer, 1904, and The 

 Faith-Healer, 1909. In 1907 his 

 prose play, The Great Divide, was 

 produced in New York. He died 

 Oct. 17, 1910, and in the same year 

 was published Gloucester Moors. 

 He collaborated with R. R. Lovett 

 in A History of English Literature, 

 1907. See Some Letters of W. V. 

 Moody, ed. D. G. Mason, 1913. 



551 6 



THE MOON: ITS ASPECT AND PHASES 



A. C. de la C. Crommelin, Assistant, Royal Observatory, Greenwich 



Related articles include those on Astronomy; Planet; Stars; Sun. 



See also Observatory, Telescope ; and the biographies of Halley, 



Herschel, and other eminent astronomers 



Fanny Moody, 

 British vocalist 



Elliott Jb Fry 



The moon is the satellite of the 

 earth. It revolves round the earth 

 in 27 '32 days in a nearly circular 

 orbit, at an average distance of 

 238,800 m., the greatest and least 

 values being 253,000 ra. and 221,000 

 m. Its diameter is 2,160 m., and it 

 shines by reflecting the sunlight. Its 

 apparent changes of shape are due 

 to the different amounts of the 

 sunlit hemisphere that are turned 

 towards us as it revolves. When 

 nearly between the earth and the 

 sun, its dark side is towards us, and 

 it is usually invisible ; this is called 

 new moon ; when 90 distant from 

 the sun, we see half the sunlit hemi- 

 sphere ; this occurs at first and last 

 quarter. The full moon is opposite 

 to the sun, and appears fully illu- 

 minated. The interval between two 

 new moons, a lunation, is 29 '53 

 days ; longer than the revolution, 

 since the sun has advanced during 

 the 27 '32 days, and the moon re- 

 quires 2 days more to overtake it. 

 The ordinary year of the Jews and 

 many ancient nations consisted of 

 12 lunations or 354 days ; seven 

 years out of 19 had 13 lunations, the 

 agreement with the solar year being 

 thus approximately preserved. 



The moon's path round the earth 

 makes an angle of 5 8' 40" with the 

 ecliptic, and intersects the ecliptic 

 at two points, the nodes, which 

 have a backward motion, going 

 completely round the sky in 18| 

 years. When new moon occurs near 

 either node, there is an eclipse of 

 the sun. These eclipses are total 

 only over narrow zones of the 

 earth's surface, but lunar eclipses, 

 which occur when the full moon 

 enters the earth's shadow, are seen 

 over an entire hemisphere. Even 

 when totally immersed in the 

 shadow, the moon generally re- 

 mains visible, of a coppery hue ; 

 the sunlight being bent into the 

 shadow by refraction in the earth's 

 atmosphere. 



The Moon and Tides 

 The moon, the density of which 

 is only of the earth, plays the chief 

 part in causing the tides hi our 

 oceans. It attracts every part of 

 our globe, but the parts nearest to 

 it are attracted more strongly than 

 those farther away. A deformation 

 is thus produced in the surface of 

 the ocean. The moon's meridian 

 passage gets later by about 50 min- 

 utes each day ; the tides get later 

 by about the same amount, but the 

 matter is complicated by the fact 

 that the sun also causes tides. The 



actual tide is a combination of the 

 two gravitational forces. 



The moon rotates on its own axis 

 in the same time as that of its revo- 

 lution round the earth, so always 

 turning the same face to the earth. 

 It is without an atmosphere, as 

 proved by observation of the occul- 

 tation of stars. Prof. Pickering has 

 detected some white deposits in 

 certain regions of the moon, which 

 grow smaller as the sun rises higher 

 upon them ; he conjectures that 

 moist vapour issues from the in- 

 terior, and is deposited as frost, 

 which subsequently melts. The 

 amount of air and water present, 

 however, must be extremely small, 

 and does not justify the statement 

 that the moon has an atmosphere. 



Lunar "Seas" and Craters 

 To the naked eye the surface of 

 the moon shows a number of grey 

 spots ; these were called " seas " 

 by early observers, and the name 

 remains, though they are merely 

 plains, covered with some dark ma- 

 terial. The chief of these bear the 

 names of Crises, Tranquillity, 

 Serenity, Vapours, Showers, 

 Storms, Clouds, Humours, Nectar, 

 and Fecundity. The volcanic 

 craters are numerous, the larger 

 being fully 60 m. across. A small 

 telescope will suffice to show them, 

 the best time to look being about 

 first quarter, since the shadows are 

 most conspicuous then, and help to 

 throw the surface into relief. Co- 

 pernicus, one of the grandest, is 56 

 m. across ; the interior is fairly 

 level, but has a few peaks 2,000 ft. 

 high. The ring round the crater is 

 12,000 ft. high. It is broken into 

 terraces, and has in places a slope 

 of 60. Copernicus, Tycho, Kepler, 

 and Aristarchus are the centres of 

 wonderful systems of bright rays or 

 streaks, which radiate from these 

 craters, in star-like patterns, often 

 several thousand miles in length. 

 They are most conspicuous in the 

 full moon, and pass indifferently 

 over hill and valley, indicating their 

 independence of these inequalities, 

 and are probably formed of some 

 crystalline substance, extruded 

 from the interior through cracks 

 in the crust. 



There are a few continuous 

 mountain ranges on the moon, hi 

 particular the Apennines, 460 m. 

 long, well seen after first quarter. 

 The Alps are a smaller range, but 

 interesting from the great valley 

 through them, whose sides are so 

 straight that they might have been 



