MOROCCO 



5S.1 7 



MOR6N DE LA FRONTERA 





mil ..tlii-i i-n.p-. is Keing ex- 



lemle.l. In tin- Selxm valley there 



"f \ inoyards 



under n"tive tilla._'e; Kuropesn 



MIL'S anU have prospered IL-.U 



Casablam M '1 here are extensive 



U of olive, lit;, orange, lemon, 



i.iim ami .ilinoinl trees. Tunny 

 iiliiu-s are eau^ht in Meili- 

 ui waters. Copper, lead, 

 antimony. -il\er. gold, and petro- 

 Ictiin .I.', in-, and iron ore is ex ported 

 from tin- Spanish /.one. Cotton 

 goods and sugar are the principal 

 import-*: barky, eggs, and wool 

 hriiii; the chief exports. Trade is 

 almost entirely with France and 

 Algeria, uitli the latter both by sea 

 ami land; the United Kingdom 

 supplies about a quarter of the 

 imports. Nearly half the shipping at 

 Moroccan ports flies the French flag. 

 Railways connect Morocco City 

 with Casablanca, Rabat, Meknes, 

 Fez, and Oudja, beyond which a 

 short extension of 9 m. makes a 

 junction with the rly. system of 

 Algeria. A narrow gauge line con- 

 nects Ceuta with Tetuan. Roads, 

 many of which are suitable for 

 motor traffic, connect the large 

 towns and are being extended 

 rapidly ; a main coast road joins 

 Kenitra to Mogador. 



Morocco was a Roman province, 

 called Mauretania. Throughout 

 the Middle Ages it was in the hands 

 of Mahomedan invaders, who used 

 it to obtain reinforcements for the 

 Moorish conquests and occupation 

 of Spain. After the Moors were 

 expelled from Spain in 1492, the 

 Spanish Moors and Jews were a 

 source of strength to Morocco. In 

 1577 both France and England 

 had accredited representatives in 

 the country, and Tangier was 

 occupied by the English, 1662- 

 84. French penetration of the 

 country led to the Conference of 

 Madrid in 1880, when the powers 

 drew up a code defining the status 

 and rights of foreigners. French 

 progress in Algeria led to an active 

 participation in Moroccan affairs, 

 and in 1904 England gained a free 

 hand in Egypt by granting the same 

 privilege to France in Morocco. 



Spanish fears were pacified by 

 the establishment of the Spanish 

 zone, but Germany intervened in 

 1905 and prevented the acceptance 

 by the sultan of the reforms pro- 

 posed by France ; this led to the 

 Algociras Conference, 1906, where 

 the way for French control of 

 Morocco was opened. In 1911 

 France and Spain were occupied in 

 military occupations, the German 

 Mannesmann brothers were intrigu. 

 ing in the S., and the German war- 

 ship Panther appeared at Agadir 

 and precipitated a crisis, as a con- 

 sequence of which France pur- 



chased the right to protect M 



by concessions of territory adjacent 



man Cameroon*. 



The sultanate of Morocco was 

 li'innrly an independent state, 

 the last of the Barbary 

 implies. In 1912, however, the 

 MI I tan accepted the protectorate 

 of France, and by the Franco- 

 Spanish treaty of the same year 

 the country was divided into 

 three areas with different adminis- 



perienced. A column under General 

 Navarro was cut off at Mont* 

 Arruit and destroyed after a stout 

 remittance. General Silvestre, the 

 commandant general, and thou- 

 sands of troops were killed at Anual, 

 and in August Melilla was invested 

 by the tribesmen. The Spanmh gov- 

 ernment took energetic meamires to 

 retrieve these disasters. A policy 

 of paoitieat ion was later followed, 



ami liy I !i-4 conditions were more 

 settled. The former mismanage- 

 ment caused the military coup in 

 Spain, 1923. See. Africa; N.V. 



Bibliography. The Khalifate of 

 the West, D. Mackenzie, 1911; 

 Morocco, P. Loti, 1914; Le Maroc, 

 A. Bernard, 4th ed. 1918 ; La France 

 an Maroc, B. Georges-Gaulis, 1920; 

 Morocco That Wa, W. B. Harris, 

 1921. 



Morocco (Arabic, Marakesh or 

 Alarrakesh). City of Morocco, the 

 S. capital of the country. It is 

 situated on the N. end of a fertile 



trations. Tangier 

 and i list., about 

 140 sq. m. in area 

 with 60,000 in- 

 habitants, was 

 made a special 

 zone; the N. 

 coast area became 

 a Spanish zone, 

 about 11,000 sq. 

 m. in extent, with 

 about 550,000 

 people, ruled from 

 Tetuan by a Kha- 

 lifa selected by the 

 sultan and con- 

 trolled by a Spanish high commis- 

 sioner ; the remainder was left to 

 the sultan controlled by a French 

 resident-general. The sultan's 

 capitals are Fez, Morocco City, and 

 Rabat. -The latter is the chief 

 seat of government and contains 

 the main residence of the resident - 

 general, who has, however, resi- 

 dences at the other capitals and 

 at Casablanca. The French area 

 contains 220,000 sq. m. and 

 5,500,000 people. The precise 

 system of administering the zone of 

 Tangier waa settled by a conven- 

 tion, 1923. (See Tangier, N.V.) 



In that year both France and 

 Spain were engaged in the pacifica- 

 tion of their respective spheres. 

 Marshal Lyautey (q.v. ), the French 

 resident-general, arrived at Taza 

 in April to organize a campaign 

 against the dissident tribesmen 

 of the Beni-Warain, and in the 

 Wazanf region. In June of that 

 year Spanish troops were successful 

 against Raisuli, but in July, 1921, 

 they suffered a severe reverse in 

 the Melilla zone. AtSidi Dris and 

 elsewhere heavy defeats were ex- 



Morocco. Prominent features o! the city. 1. Kasba gate 

 in the city walls. 2. Kutubia mosque 



plain, about 4 m. S. of the river 

 Tensift. It is surrounded by a wall, 

 and contains many ancient but 

 dilapidated buildings and several 

 notable mosques, including the 

 Kutubia. The sultan's palace 

 stands outside the walls and covers 

 about 200 acres. Standing within 

 easy reach of the Atlas Mts. and com- 

 manding the trade routes to the S., 

 its commerce was important, and it 

 is still the centre of a large trade. 

 The chief industries are connected 

 with leather-working, tile-making, 

 pottery, and iron-working. Pop. 

 120,000. 



Moron de la Frontera (a no. 

 Arumi). Town of Spain, in the 

 prov. of Seville. It is picturesquely 

 placed on the Guadaira river, 32 m. 

 S.E. of Seville, with which it is con- 

 nected by rly. An old fortress town 

 at the base of the Sierra Moron, it 

 is dominated on the E. by a castle- 

 crowned eminence, formerly a 

 Moorish stronghold. The castle was 

 destroyed in 1812. Olive oil is the 

 chief product. Cattle are reared, and 

 near by are marble and chalk quar- 

 ries and iron mines. Pop. 17,100. 



L 7 



