BBSS 



MUNI RIVER 



HC,||H-I||, etc. 'I'll.' IICN-. picture 



gallery and tli<- Schack gallery <on 

 ,!li-ctions i.l iiM>ili-iii pamt- 

 ,111.111 national 

 M i> :i storehouse of the art* 

 Miany frtiiu prehist. 

 modem times, especially of the 

 Middle Ages. TheC nn.ui Museum 

 mechanical models, scientific 

 .ippaiatus, etc. Other collections 

 an- i In- mii.-eum f the academy of 

 . that c.f industrial art, and 

 tin- ethnom'aphic and military mu- 

 seums. 'I'hi- acailriny of art ia of 

 world- wide reputation, and then- is 

 an important school of applied 

 ait 



.Munich was an obscure village 

 1 1, -I <M minn to the Benedictines 

 \\hcn llt-nry the Lion, duke 

 of I'.iivaria, established a mint 

 and market-place there in 1158. 

 On his fall it passed to the 

 Imiis.- of Wittelsbach. Louis, duke 

 of I'avaria, made it his residen. -c 

 in IL'.VI. Burnt in 1327, it was 

 rebuilt by the emperor Louis the 

 Bavarian" Maximilian I (d. Hi"' I) 

 and subsequent electors embel- 

 lished the city with public build- 

 ings and works of art, but Louis I 

 (1825-48) inaugurated its modern 

 development and made it the 

 art 1st i<- metropolis of Germany. 

 It figured prominently in the re- 

 v. -hit ion of Nov., 1918, in which 

 Bavaria became a republic. Pop. 

 630,000. See Bavaria; Eisner, 

 Kurt ; consult also Munich : His- 

 tory, Monuments, Art ; H. R. 

 Wadleigh, 1910. 



Municipal Bank. Bank owned 

 by a municipality. Such banks are 

 not run primarily for profit, but 

 after paying their expenses and a 

 small rate of interest to depositors 

 hand over any surplus to municipal 

 undertakings, or to relieve rates. 



The first municipal savings bank 

 was established in England in 1916 

 at Birmingham. It was intended 

 to facilitate the investment of 

 savings of the working classes in 

 securities issued for the purposes 

 of the war. Neville Chamberlain, 

 then lord mayor, took the lead in 

 the movement, which had to re- 

 ceive the sanction of Parliament. 

 The latter handicapped the scheme 

 by highly restrictive provisions, 

 chief among which was the require- 

 ment that the bank should not re- 

 eei\e deposits except from em- 

 ployed persons through their em- 

 ployers, either by way of deduc- 

 tions from wages or otherwise. 



The Birmingham bank was 

 managed by a committee of five 

 members, four of whom had to be 

 members of the city council. In- 

 terest was paid at the rate of 3 10s. 

 ' i vment of deposit was by way 

 of coupons, gummed into a book, 

 ami when 1 had been reached the 



u. I., i t.i.ik his hook to the bank, 



uli.i. .in a. r, unit ua- opened in 



nd a pass-lioi.1. 

 days' notice was re-quired 

 for \\ith.liawals. Under the anginal 

 M-lii-me the hank was only allowed 

 to continue in being until three 

 months after the termination of 

 the \\ar, but its success was -n.-h 

 thatit was maintained indefinitely. 

 In one month (May, 1920) the 

 deposits reached the total of 

 l!i:!.iMK>, and 2,494 new accounts 



Were opened. I 



Municipal Corporations Act. 

 Measure passed by the Parliament 

 of the I'nited Kingdom ill IM't f'"' 

 reforming the municipal corpora- 

 tions of England and Wales. Until 

 then the boroughs were governed 

 in a great variety of ways, and the 

 corporations were frequently cor- 

 rupt and never democratic. The 

 Act provided a uniform constitu- 

 tion for all boroughs. This con- 

 sists of a council composed of 

 mayor, aldermen, and councillors. 

 The councils are elected by all 

 ratepayers for three years, and the 

 aldermen by the councillors for six. 

 There is one alderman for every 

 three councillors. The mayor is 

 elected by the council every year. 

 An Act of 1882 made this constitu- 

 tion compulsory, and one of 1883 

 abolished all corporations that 

 did not comply with the regula- 

 tions, except only those of the city 

 of I-ondon and Winchelsea. The 

 burghs of Scotland were regulated 

 on similar lines, as were the few 

 boroughs of Ireland. See Borough. 



Municipality. Word derived 

 from the Latin municipium, a 

 term which was applied to urban 

 communities subject to Rome, 

 whose members were liable to all 

 the burdens of Roman citizenship 

 and enjoyed the more important of 

 its privileges. These privileges in- 

 cluded a large measure of local 

 autonomy. At the present day the 

 word is used to connote any corpo- 

 rate city or town organized for 

 self-government. See Borough. 



Municipal Kitchen. Food 

 depot or shop run by a local autho- 

 rity. Originating as more or less 

 charitable relief measures in times 

 of distress or unemployment, the 

 establishment by municipalities of 

 kitchens, where soup and bread or 

 regular meals can be obtained at a 

 trifling cost or gratis, is now seriously 

 advocated by labour organizations 

 in most countries. By purchasing 

 its supplies direct and on a large 

 scale, the local authority can sup- 

 ply meals below the price of those 

 at the ordinary restaurants or 

 eating-houses. 



Experiments carried on in 

 Britain during the abnormal con- 

 ditions of the Great War afford 



little evidence of tin: feasibility of 

 the municipal kite-hen. Those that 

 were established were in reality 

 state-aided, although their manage- 

 ment \\.i> cut i listed to the local 

 authorities. See National Kitchen. 



Municipal Trading. Term 

 used for the system by which 

 municipalities engage in trading 

 operations, such as the pr< 

 of water, gas, electric light, tram- 

 ways, markets, and other public 

 .-er\ic<-s. Towards the close of the 

 19th century there was great 

 activity in this direction, and, in 

 addition to the public services 

 mentioned, many municipalities 

 entered upon housing schemes, 

 while some began to supply certain 

 kinds of food. 



The opening of municipal banks 

 in the 20th century may be 

 regarded as an extension of 

 municipal trading, but the activi- 

 ties imposed on the municipalities 

 during the Great War in the 

 direction of supervising the distri- 

 bution of food fall into a different 

 category. In some European 

 cities municipal trading is carried 

 on extensively ; for instance, in 

 liquor at Gothenburg. Municipal 

 currency notes are issued in certain 

 French towns. The growth of 

 municipal trading aroused much 

 controversy as to its merits and 

 demerits, and each side produced 

 figures to prove its case. One 

 pointed to large sums paid to 

 relieve the rates ; the other drew 

 attention to losses made, and to 

 methods of book-keeping which 

 failed to show the true position. 



The general tendency to-day is 

 against any great extension of 

 municipal trading, although it is 

 recognized as essential in certain 

 directions. Apart from tho ques- 

 tion of profit and loss, the main 

 arguments against it are that it 

 discourages private enterprise, and 

 tends to corruption by making 

 large bodies of men the employees 

 of public authorities. On the 

 other hand, it acts as a check on 

 monopoly, and seems suited for 

 providing essential services, e.g. 

 water, in which competition is 

 difficult or impossible. In 1COO 

 and 1903 Parliament appointed 

 select committees to inquire into 

 the principles that should govern 

 municipal trading. These recom- 

 mended that professional account- 

 ants should be employed to audit 

 the accounts, which should be 

 kept separate from the general 

 accounts, and that provision 

 should be made out of revenue for 

 the repayment of loans. See 

 Socialism. 



Muni River Settlements OR 

 Rio MUKI. Mainland portion of the 

 colony of Spanish Guinea (q.r.). 



7 



