MURATOR1 



5592 



MURC1A 



Abukir. Returning to France, he 

 was active in promoting the con- 

 sulate, and in 1800 married Caro- 

 line Bonaparte, the consul's young- 

 est sister. The same year he crossed 

 the Alps with Napoleon, fought at 

 Marengo, and the following year 

 was given command of the army 

 of Italy. In 1803 he was made 

 governor of Paris. 



Upon the establishment of the 

 empire, Murat was made prince of 

 the empire, marshal, and grand 

 admiral of France. The campaign 

 of 1805 found him in command of 

 the cavalry, and as a reward for a 

 series of successes, culminating at 

 Austerlitz, he was, in 1806, made 

 grand duke of Berg. Later in the 

 year, he took up his old command, 

 and fought with distinction at 

 Jena, Hohenlinden, Eylau, and 

 Friedland. In 1808 he was sent 

 to Spain as lieutenant-general of 

 the emperor, but after two months, 

 upon Joseph Bonaparte becoming 

 king of Spain, Murat was made 

 lung of Naples, under the name 

 of Joachim Napoleon. The posi- 

 tion, however, was so intolerable 

 that it led to serious differences 

 with the emperor. The war with 

 Russia, however, brought Murat to 

 Napoleon's side, and he was given 

 command of the cavalry in the 

 campaign of 1812, where he took 

 part in every action of importance. 

 When, after Moscow, Napoleon 

 hastened back to Paris, he left 

 Murat in command of the retreat- 

 ing army. 



Murat' s fears for his throne were 

 increased after the Leipzig cam- 

 paign, and he hurried to Naples 

 and entered into negotiations with 

 Austria. Allying himself to that 

 empire, he attacked the French in 

 N. Italy, but on Napoleon's escape 

 from Elba, he offered his service 

 to his old master, and declared 

 war on Austria. Marching N. he 

 was severely defeated, his army 

 was routed, and he fled to Naples, 

 and thence to Cannes, where he 

 organized an expedition against 

 the Bourbons, who had been rein- 

 stated in Naples. With 200 men he 

 landed in Calabria, at Pizzo, where 

 he himself was taken prisoner. He 

 was tried on the spot by court 

 martial and on Oct. 13, 1815, was 

 shot in the courtyard of the castle 

 at Pizzo. 



Bibliography. Murat, J. Chav- 

 anon and G. Saint-Yves, 1905 ; 

 Napoleon et le Roi Murat, A. 

 Espitalier, 1910; J. Murat, A. H. 

 Atteridge, 1911. 



Murat ori, LODOVICO ANTONIO 

 (1672-1750). Italian scholar. Born 

 near Modena, Oct. 21, 1672, he be- 

 came librarian at Milan, and in 

 1700 was appointed librarian and 

 archivist to the duke of Modena. 



L. A. Muratori, 

 Italian scholar 



Count Muravieff, 



Russian statesman 



The many volumes of Italian his- 

 torical materials which he collected 

 and edited are his imperishable 

 mm&mv^^fmsxm monument; 

 they comprise 

 nearly 50 vol- 

 umes : Rerum 

 I talicaru m 

 Scriptores, 

 1723-51; An 

 tiquitates Ital- 

 icaeMediiAevi, 

 1738-42; and 

 Annalid'Italia 

 1744-49, the 

 second book of which contains the 

 second century canon of the N.T. 

 books known as the Muratorian 

 Fragment. His principal original 

 work was Delia Perfetta Poewia 

 Italiana, 1706. Muratori died at 

 Modena, Jan. 23, 1750. 



Muravieff, MIKHAIL N i KOI A IE- 

 VITCH, COUNT (1845-1900). Rus- 

 sian statesman. Born April 19, 

 1845, he was 

 educated a t 

 H e i d e 1 b e rg, 

 and entered 

 the foreign 

 office, 1864. 

 After diplo- 

 matic service 

 in various 

 European 

 capitals, he be- 

 came foreign 

 minister in 

 1897, and issued the Tsar's sugges- 

 tion for a peace conference at the 

 Hague, 1898. He died June 21, 1900. 

 Murchison. (1) River of West- 

 ern Australia. It rises in the Car- 

 narvon Range and flows S. \V. to 

 Cantheaume Bay. 



(2) Goldfield of Western Austra- 

 lia, E. and S.E. of the Sanford, a 

 left bank affluent of the Murchison. 

 Cue, its capital, is connected by 

 rly. with Geraldton. 



(3) Mt. of Western Australia, 

 1,705 ft. It is situated in the 

 Scrubby Range, E. of the Middle 

 Murchison. 



(4) Co. of Western Australia, 

 with a coast line at the S. end of 

 Shark Bay, and the river Mur- 

 chison as its E. boundary. 



Murchison, SIR RODERICK IM- 

 PEY (1792-1871). British geologist. 

 Bora at Tarradale, Ross-shire, Feb. 

 19, 1792, he was educated at the 

 military c o 1- 

 lege at Great 

 Marlow, and, 

 entering the 

 army, served 

 in the Penin- 

 sular War. In 

 1826 he was 

 elected F.R.S. 

 and in 1828 he 



Sir R. Murchison, toured A u- 

 British geologist vergne and N. 



Italy with Sir Charles Lyell, and 

 afterwards carried out a number of 

 geological tours both in the United 

 Kingdom and on the Continent. He 

 re-classified the Palaeozoic rocks 

 and in 1835 suggested the name 

 Silurian. In 1838 he published his 

 famous work The Silurian System. 

 In 1855 he was appointed director- 

 general of Geological Survey, and 

 was president of the Geographical 

 Society for many years. He was 

 knighted in 1846, made a K.C.B. 

 in 1863, and a baronet in 1866. He 

 died Oct. 22, 1871. See Silurian ; 

 consult also Life, 2 vols., Sir A. 

 Geikie, 1875. 



Murchison Falls. Waterfall on 

 the White Nile. It is 50 m. below 

 Foweira, where the river drops in 

 three cascades to the level of Lake 

 Albert. 



Murchisonite. Mineral belong- 

 ing to the orthoclase group of rocks. 

 Found at Heavitree, near Exeter, 

 and named after Sir R. I. Murchi- 

 son, it has the opalescent reflec- 

 tions typical of many stones of this 

 group. See Orthoclase. 



Murcia. Maritime prov. of S.E. 

 Spain. Between Alicante and Al- 

 meria, on the Mediterranean Sea, 

 its area is 4,453 sq. m. It slopes 

 from the mountains in the N.W., 

 which rise in the Sierra de Espufia 

 to an alt. of 5,150 ft., down to the 

 sea. In the coast land to the E. is 

 a large lagoon, called the Mar 

 Menor. Well watered by the Se- 

 gura and its tributaries, it is fer- 

 tile, especially in the Huerta de 

 Murcia, where irrigation is prac- 

 tised. The climate is hot and dry ; 

 oranges, olives, vines, maize, and 

 other cereals are grown, and mul- 

 berry trees cultivated for the rear- 

 ing of silkworms. The chief towns 

 are Murcia, the capital, and Car- 

 tagena. The first Carthaginian 

 possession in Spain, Murcia was in 

 turn occupied by the Romans, the 

 Moors, who made of it a kingdom, 

 and the Spaniards. The old Moor- 

 ish kingdom, 1223-43, corresponded 

 chiefly with the modern provs. of 

 Murcia and Albacete. Top. 633,000. 



Murcia (Arab. Medinat Mur- 

 siya). City of Spain, capital of the 

 prov. of Murcia. It stands on the 

 Segura, river, 25 m. W. of the 

 Mediterranean, and 50 m. by rly. 

 N.N.W. of Cartagena. In the cen- 

 tre of the beautiful Huerta (garden) 

 de Murcia, the older parts are 

 crowded, but the new are well 

 built, with fine streets, avenues, 

 and squares. The cathedral, 

 founded probably in 1388, has a 

 Renaissance fagade and a tower 

 480 ft. in height. The bishop's 

 palace is notable, and there is a 

 Moorish granary, now a picture 

 gallery. There is a large trade 

 in fruit. An Iberian town and 



