MURMAN 



5594 



MURMAN RAILWAY 



MURMAN 

 EXPEDITION 



English Miles 



Spanish America, and took the road 

 to Madrid, where he was kindly re- 

 ceived by Velasquez, then at the 

 height of his fame, who introduced 

 him to his patron, Count Olivarez. 



Having returned to Seville, he 

 was commissioned by the friars of 

 the Franciscan convent to paint 

 a series of 11 pictures for their 

 cloister, and began this work 

 in 1646. The payment was 

 beggarly, but the paintings brought 

 fame and commissions. In 1648 

 he married a rich and noble wife, 

 Dona Beatriz de Cabrera y Soto- 

 mayor. In 1654, on the death of 

 Pacheco, he was acknowledged as 

 the head of the Sevillian school. A 

 series of paintings esteemed among 

 his most celebrated works was 

 begun in 1671 for the church of the 

 Hospital of La Caridad ; and three 

 years later he began a famous 

 series for the Franciscan convent 

 outside Seville. These included 

 the Charity of S. Thomas of 

 Villanueva, which he was wont 

 to speak of as " his picture." He 

 died at Seville, April 3, 1682. 



Murillo excelled in genre, and his 

 realistic scenes from low life are 

 preferred by many to his religious 

 pictures, which are sometimes 

 spoilt by false sentiment and lack 

 of dignity. In the sack of Seville, 

 Marshal Soult carried off a number 

 of Murillo's works, several of 

 which remain in France. There are 

 examples in the London National 

 Gallery, the Dulwich Gallery, the 

 Wallace Collection and British 

 private collections. See Andrew; 

 Annunciation ; Dice ; consult also 

 Velasquez and Murillo, C. B.Curtis, 

 1883 ; Lives, G. C. Williamson, 

 1902 ; A. F. Calvert, 1908. 



Murman OR MOURMAN. Name 

 of the N. coast of the Kola Penin- 

 sula, and sometimes given to the 

 whole peninsula. A wild and in- 

 hospitable region, it stretches from 

 the Kola Inlet, on the N.W., to the 

 W. side of the mouth of the White 

 Sea, Arctic Ocean, on the S.E., 

 and is about 200 m. in length. The 

 town of Murmansk, at the head of 

 the Kola Inlet, came into existence 

 in 1915 as the Arctic terminus 

 of the Murman Rly. 



Murman Expedition. During 

 the Great War the Allies and 

 America determined in the spring 

 of 1918 to protect and occupy part 

 of the Murman Rly. This region 

 was menaced by Finland, at that 

 time a vassal of Germany, who had 

 bargained with the already sym- 

 pathetic Bolshevist government for 

 an enlargement of Finnish territory 

 by the inclusion of the Murman 

 coast, Kola Peninsula, and a con- 

 siderable extent of the country 

 through which the rly. ran south 

 to Petrograd. 



In Feb.-March, 

 1918, the British 

 effected a naval 

 landing at Mur- 

 mansk, and at 

 Pechenga, about 

 100 m. farther W. 

 and close to the 

 Finnish frontier. 

 But it was not 

 till June that 

 British, French, 

 and American 

 troops, in con- 

 siderable n u m- 

 bers, occupied the 

 port of Murmansk 

 and the adjacent 

 country, inclu- 

 ding Alexan- 

 drovsk, the land- 

 ing point of the 

 cable from Peter- 

 head, Scotland. 

 The Mu rm an 

 regional soviet at 

 the outset not 

 only offered no 



Murman Expedition. Map of N. W. Russia and Finland, 

 showing the area of operations of the expedition 



opposition, but co-operated with the 

 Allies for the defence of the rly. and 

 territory. On their side, the Allies 

 agreed to recognize the local soviet 



Self-portrait in 

 possession of L 

 Spencer 



as the supreme authority, under- 

 took not to interfere politically, and 

 promised to provide food. These 

 terms were embodied in an agree- 

 ment, ratified July 7, 1918, ap- 

 parently with the approval even 

 of the Bolshevist government, 

 but as the development proceeded 

 of the German plans in Finland 

 and elsewhere the Bolshevist 

 government two weeks later 

 changed its attitude, and ordered 

 the local Soviet to support the 

 Allies no longer. 



The Murman Soviet, however, 

 continued to support the Allies 

 both in Murmansk and Archangel, 

 In Aug. the main operations were 

 in the latter area, but in Sept. the 



Allies pushed down the Murman 

 Rly., Kandalaksha becoming their 

 base in Oct., and from that centre, 

 in cooperation with the Karelians, 

 they cleared N. Karelia of Bols- 

 shevists and " White" Finns; 

 later in the same month, having 

 advanced S., and occupied Kem, 

 they dislodged the enemy from the 

 rest of Karelia. By the end of Jan., 

 1919, the Allies had advanced along 

 the rly. S.W. of the White Sea, and 

 early in March occupied Segeja, 

 about 360 miles S. of Murmansk. 



On April 1 1 the Allies routed the 

 Bolshevists at Urosozero, and on 

 May 18 they took Povyenets, at the 

 N. end of Lake Onega and more 

 than 400 m. S. of Murmansk. In 

 June-July fighting took place on 

 the W. shore of Onega, the Bol- 

 shevists being driven off. A British 

 flotilla, aided by land and air forces, 

 attacked the Bolshevist flotilla on 

 Lake Onega, captured two steamers 

 and took the port of Talvuiski, as 

 well as prisoners and guns, on Aug. 

 2, and towards the end of that 

 month the Bolshevists were de- 

 feated near Kyapeselga. In Sept., 

 the Allies were threatening Petro- 

 zavodsk, the Bolshevist base on 

 Onega. . But by this time the 

 evacuation of the Murman and 

 Archangel areas was in process of 

 being effected, and this led at 

 the end of the month to a Bolshe- 

 vist offensive up the rly. The 

 British troops left the Murman 

 area towards the end of 1919. See 

 Archangel, Expedition to. 



Murman Railway. Rl>. start- 

 ing from Murmansk, on the Kola 

 Inlet, Arctic Ocean. It passes 

 across the base of the Kola Penin- 

 sula to the N.W. corner of the 



