MUSGU COUNTRY 



5500 



MUSHROOM 



. museum. How till- I 



Mil-emu ; Sir A-^htori L-\, 



t In- late I si \\ century, probably i he 



funnecl by a single person, 



i.U owned by James Park- 



:md tinully dispersed by 



in. in. 11 in 1806. A number of 



mu.-ctirns, especially some of the 



.mil more important, were 



: originally from collections 



f>.iinr<l by piinces, nobles, etc. 



< tire luiiiuTous varieties of 

 museums, and these can be d.(--i 

 ti< (I in several ways. A very broad 

 dilTeicnce lies in the bodies main- 

 t hem, as national museums, 

 which arc maintained by the state 

 .ni.l situated usually in the capital ; 

 provincial or municipal museums, 

 maintained out of the rates; 

 mus'-ums of a semi-public nature, 

 maintained hy universities, socie- 

 ties, and schools ; and lastly private 

 museums, maintained by piivuto 

 individuals, and sometimes open to 

 the public, as the King John's 

 House Museum, Rushmore, or 

 the Wellcome Historical Medical 

 M useum,London. Private museums 

 usually tend to become public 

 museums. The sacristies of some 

 ! foreign cathedrals are often shown 

 ] as museums, and contain eccles- 

 il objects, and sometimes 

 other specimens. 



Art and Science Collections 



Museums may also be classified 

 ling to the contents and the 

 ideas underlying their arrange- 

 ment. They are generally differ- 

 entiated into art and science 

 museums, and the varieties may be 

 such as comparative anatomy 

 (Royal College of Surgeons), 

 botany (Kew), geology (London 

 and Berlin), eastern religions (Gui- 

 met, Paris), furniture (Geffryo 

 .Museum, London), history of 

 London (London and Guildhall 

 Museums), the evolution of man- 

 made objects (Pitt-Rivers, Oxford), 

 folklore (Musee de Folklore, Ant- 

 werp), folk or open-air museums 

 (SUansen, Stockholm), war rnu- 

 M-iims, museums of archaeology, 

 shipping, whaling, etc. 



A very distinct type ot museum 

 is that which illustrates and com- 

 memorates the life and work of 

 a person, the museum building 

 being usually the house of, or 

 intimately connected with, the 

 person commemorated, as the 

 Shakespeare museum (Stratford- 

 on-Avon), Dickens (Portsmouth), 

 Borrow (Norwich), Wm. Wilber- 

 force (Hull), Diirer (Nuremberg); 

 Beethoven (Bonn), . Michelangelo 

 (Florence), etc. 



The main functions of a museum 

 are the collection and preservation 

 of specimens and data, which help 

 to widen knowledge by the investi- 

 gations of experts, and the educa- 



tion an ' in 1 1 ii. i ! .11 of visitors and 

 students liy its e\lii!.its and the 

 method of display. Some niu--un.- 

 now have a special |>..rtion set 

 aside for children ; in the U.S.A. 

 there is a special children's mus- 

 eum. The functions of a local mus- 

 eum should be to centralize mainly 

 on the history, natural history, 

 archaeology, etc., of the locality. 



Open Air Museum* 

 Most museums arrange their 

 exhibits to illustrate particular 

 branches of knowledge, e.g. to show 

 the types of British sea-birds, the 

 ceramic art of China, the evolutions 

 of musical instruments, and the 

 distributions of the various tyjrea, 

 etc. A form of exhibit common on 

 the continent of Europe Is the re- 

 construction of interiors of rooms, 

 to show the different types of build- 

 ing, architecture, furniture, and 

 modes of living at different periods 

 and in various districts. Particu- 

 larly noteworthy in this direction 

 are the museums at Zurich, Munich, 

 Amsterdam, Stockholm, Chris- 

 tian ia, etc. A still greater improve- 

 ment in this direction is the idea 

 first started by Dr. A. Hazelius, at 

 Stockholm, of an open-air museum, 

 now part of the Northern Museum, 

 and known as Skansen. In this way 

 national or local life and history 

 Is exhibited in the most attractive 

 manner, with whole buildings pre- 

 served and suitably fitted up and 

 furnished, as well as other out-of- 

 door objects, with alo exhibitions 

 of folk dances, games, and other 

 pastimes of former days. This type 

 of museum arrangement Is common 

 in Scandinavia. a. R. cariine 



Bibliography. Methods of Social 

 Reform, Prof. S. Jevons, 1883 ; 

 Museums and Art Galleries, T. 

 Greenwood, 1888 ; Essays on 

 Museums, W. H. Flower, 1898; 

 Museums, Their History and Use, 3 

 vols., D. Murray, 1904 ; The Museum, 

 M. T. Jackson, 1917 ; The Museums 

 Journal, and guide books and reports 

 of the various museums. 



Musgu Country. Former dist. 

 of Central Africa, bordering on 

 Bornu and Baghirmi. It occupies 

 a portion of the basin of Lake Cnad 

 between the Logone and Shari 

 rivers. The Mosgu people are 

 fishers and tillers of the ground. 

 See Africa. 



Mush OR MOUSH. Town of Ar- 

 menia. Situated near the Murad 

 Su branch of the Euphrates, it is 

 about 80 m. S. of Erzerum, or 40 

 m. W. of Lake Van. Before the 

 Great War it was the natural cen- 

 tre of the trade of a wide district, 

 and contained several mosques and 

 churches. It was the seat of a R.C. 

 and of a Gregorian bishop. Largely 

 peopled by Armenians, it was sur- 

 rounded by a number of prosperous 



Armenian villages. In July, 1015, 

 the Turks, having massacred the 

 Armenians in the neighbourhood, 

 took Mush after heavy fighting in 

 the streets. Much of the town WM 

 reduced to ruins, and the surviving 

 Armenians were slaughtered or de- 

 ported. The Russians drove the 

 Turks out of it on Feb. 19, 1916, 

 but had to evacuate it temporarily 

 in Aug., 1916, and finally aban- 

 doned it in the winter of 1917- 

 18, when the Turks reoccupied it. 

 Pop. (before the war) 30,000. 



Mushaidie, BATTLE OF. Fought 

 between the British and Turks, 

 Mar. 14-15, 1917. Mushaidie, a 

 village 20 m. N. of Bagdad, Meso- 

 potamia, which gives its name to 

 the battle, is situate a short dis- 

 tance from the river Tigris, on its 

 right bank. It is a station on the 

 Bagdad rly. After the fall of Bag- 

 dad (?..), on Mar. 11, 1917, Maude 

 sent a force along the Tigris to cut 

 off the retreating Turks. The Indo- 

 British cavalry belonging to it in 

 less than 24 hours reached a point 

 30 m. from Bagdad, and, assisted 

 by British gunboats in the river, 

 soon had the Turks cut off. 



Meanwhile, the British infantry 

 were following the Turks as they 

 retreated along the right bank of 

 the Tigris. The latter put up a 

 series of stubborn fights, and the 

 British had to storm a succession 

 of ridges, including that known as 

 Sugar Loaf Hill. On the 14th the 

 infantry came up with the enemy 

 at Mushaidie station, and heavy 

 fighting ensued. The battle ended 

 at 3 a.m. on the 15th, in the com- 

 plete defeat of the Turks, and 

 allowed Maude to push rapidly on 

 to Samarra. See Mesopotamia, 

 Conquest of. 



Mushki OB MUSKI. Ancient 

 people of Aryan relationship in 

 Asia Minor. The Moschi of Greek 

 writers, they inhabited Mushku, 

 the Biblical Meshech (Ezek. 32). 

 They came into hostile contact 

 with the Hittites and Assyrians 

 about 1200 B.C., but were succes- 

 sively subdued by Tiglath-Pileser 

 I, Ashurnatsirpal, and Sargon, who 

 in 709 defeated their king, Mita. a 

 name perpetuated in the Midas of 

 later Phrygian historv. 



Mushroom (Psalliota campes- 

 tris). Black-spored fungus of the 

 order Agaricineae. A native of 

 Britain and the temperate por- 

 tions of Europe, it occurs pro- 

 fusely in pastures where horses 

 have grazed, their manure afford- 

 ing the most favourable pabulum 

 for the plant. What is known as 

 the mushroom is only the spore- 

 bearing organ or fruit of the fun- 

 gus, the vegetative portion h'ving 

 in the ground as a ramification of 

 white cottony filaments (mycelium), 



