MUTINY 



Mutiny ( !>. mutin, rebellious). 



r.'llrrtlM 1 IMMllx.nlin.ltiiHI of Sol- 



i sailors, an offence at a)l tiin-n 



piim^lial.lc i'\ ill-nth after convio- 



iiun l>y court-martial. * In (Jrvat 



tli- Army Act provides fur 



Iresa of wrongs oy enabling 



any i 'Nicer or soldier asan individual 



l.i- grievance to the Army 



( i.iiiu-il, or to a general officer, but 



tin combined complaint of several is 



; rrniissihle. A soldier cannot 



1 1- punished for availing himself of 



Ins privilege to complain, even if his 



complaint l>e considered frivolous. 



(Mi the other hand, anything in 

 t In- nature of a conspiracy to refuse 

 , or promote sedition, for 

 any reason whatever, is deemed 

 mutiny, and any person subject to 

 military law who joins in it, or fails 

 to use his utmost endeavours to 

 suppress it, is culpable, even though 

 the conspiracy should prove abor- 

 tive. It should be noted that the 

 term mutiny formerly included 

 other acts of insubordination by a 

 soldier, and thus the old Mutiny 

 Act embraced most of the military 

 offences now dealt with by the 

 Army Act of 1881. See Army ; 

 Army Act ; Mutiny Act. 



Mutiny Act. Law originally 

 passed in England in 1689 to punish 

 insubordinate soldiers and deserters 

 from the army by a military tri- 

 bunal. The need for this became 

 evident, when 800 men who had 

 enlisted to serve King James II 

 refused to embark for Holland at 

 the bidding of William III. The 

 duration of the Act was limited to 

 seven months, but it was re-en- 

 acted every year with few intervals 

 down to 1878, when its provisions 

 were embodied in the Army Dis- 

 cipline and Regulation Act of 1879. 



The Mutiny Act only operated 

 in respect of troops at home, since 

 articles of war were issued by the 

 crown to govern troops on active 

 service or otherwise employed 

 overseas. The Mutiny Act, how- 

 ever, in 1803 became the legal 

 authority for making articles of 

 war, which had from Tudor times, 

 and even earlier, been regarded 

 solely as a prerogative of the 

 crown, to be exercised only in time 

 of war. As the law of the land 

 could not be set aside in time of 

 peace, the only help which parlia- 

 ment afforded the military authori- 

 ties in maintaining discipline before 

 1689 was to make desertion punish- 

 able before a civil tribunal as a 

 felony, apparently on the theory 

 that a deserter Lad made away 

 with a military equipment furnish- 

 ed at the cost of his captain. The 

 Mutiny Act was therefore the begin - 

 niriL! c't legislation which recotjni/ed 

 that the army in peace as. in war re- 

 quired a special disciplinary code. 



Mutsu-hito, 

 Emperor ol Japan 



56O9 

 MutSU, MUNEMITSU, CoiTNT 



(1842-90). Japanese statesman. 

 <>ned for taking part in the 

 Satsu ma revolt, 1878-8:5. h<- 

 Km.. PC on his release, entcrc<l Un- 

 diplomatic- ni-rvice, and was mini- 

 ster to the U.S.A., 1888-89. Mini 

 ster of foreign affairs, 1892-96, he 

 was one of the plenipotentiaries for 

 peace with China, and later was 

 instrumental in concluding the 

 treaty with Great Britain. He died 

 in Tokyo. 



Mutsu-hito (1852-1912). Em- 

 peror of Japan. Born at Kyoto, 

 Nov. 3, 1852, he succeeded his 

 father, Osa- 

 hito, in 1867. 

 coming to the 

 throne at a 

 critical time in 

 the history of 

 Japan. The 

 country had 

 just been 

 opened up to 

 foreigners, 

 and among 

 the conservative element there was 

 considerable discontent. Mutsu- 

 hito, however, favoured Western 

 ideas, and cleared the way for their 

 introduction by various measures. 

 He abolished the shogunate, and in 

 1869 moved his capital from Kyoto 

 to Yeddo, which he renamed Tokyo. 

 Railways were introduced in 1872, 

 the European calendar came into 

 force, and the study of English be- 

 came general. The victorious wars 

 with China, 1894, and Russia, 

 1904-5, strengthened his power, 

 which was consolidated in 1910 by 

 his alliance with Great Britain. He 

 died at Tokyo, July 29, 1912. See 

 Japan. 



Mutton (late Lat. multo, sheep). 

 Flesh of sheep. It contains less pro- 

 tein and more fat than beef. The 

 breeds of sheep for mutton pro- 

 duction include Lincoln, Leicester, 

 Border Leicester, Scotch blackface, 

 Shropshire, South Devon, and 

 Welsh, together with crosses from 

 these breeds. Immense quantities 

 of frozen and chilled mutton are 

 imported into Great Britain, espe- 

 cially from New Zealand and Aus- 

 tralia. See Diet ; Meat. 



Muttra. Dist. and town of India 

 in the Agra division, United 

 Provinces. The dist. is situated 

 on both sides of the Jumna and 

 grows wheat, barley, millet., and 

 gram. Three-quarters of the area 

 is tilled, and one-quarter is irri- 

 gated, the rainfall being only 25 

 ins. per annum. 



The town, the reputed birth- 

 place of Krishna, is an ancient 

 sacred city on the Jumna, and is 

 an important rly. junction. It 

 contains many fine buildings, in- 

 cluding the Jama Masjid, 16t>2, and 



MUZAFFARNAQAR 



il.- Moxque of Aurungzebe, 1669. 

 Area, diet., 1,450 iq. m. Pop. dist., 

 050,000; town, 54,:{<*). 



Muybridge, EADWEABD (1830- 

 i!MU). Hi it wh photographer. Born at 

 .11 ujx.n-Thamee, his original 

 name being Edward James Mugge- 

 ridgc, he emigrated to the U.S/A. 

 and became director of photogra- 

 phic surveys. His first attempt at 

 depicting motion by means of photo- 

 graphy was in 1870, when he took 

 a scries of photographs of trotting 

 horses, and demonstrated that tho 

 conventional idea of trotting was 

 incorrect. In 1881 he invented 

 the zoophraxiscope, the forerunner 

 of the cinematograph, showing 

 moving pictures on a screen. He 

 made a large number of photo- 

 graphs of animals in motion, upon 

 which he published works which 

 have become standard, viz. : The 

 Horse in Motion, 1878 ; Animal 

 Locomotion, 11 vob., 3rd ed. 1907 ; 

 and the Human Figure in Motion, 

 3rd ed. 1907. These works contain 

 over 100,000 separate motion 

 photographs. See Cinematography. 



Muzaffar-ed-Din (1853-1907). 

 Shah of Persia. Born March 25, 

 1853, he succeeded his father, 

 Nasr - ed - Din. 

 in 1896. His 

 extravagant 

 tastes forced 

 him to raise 

 loans from 

 Russia, 1898- 

 1900, thereby 

 rousing sus- 

 picion of Rus- 

 sian motives in 

 Britain. He 

 visited Petrograd and Paris in 1900. 

 In 1902, he was entertained in Eng- 

 land by Edward VII, and received 

 the order of the garter. His con- 

 tinued maladministration and 

 waste stirred up discontent until 

 he was forced to grant a constitu- 

 tion in 1908. He died at Teheran 

 Jan. 8, 1907. See Persia : History. 



Mu/affargarh. Dist. and town 

 of India in the Multan division, 

 Punjab. The dist. is situated 

 in the S., with the Indus on 

 the W. and the Chenab and 

 Panjnad on the E., and terminates 

 at the confluence of the Indus 

 and Panjnad. The annual rainfall 

 is 6 ins. Wheat is grown npon 

 irrigated or inundated land. 



The town stands on the riirht 

 bank of the Chenab, where the rly. 

 crosses the river, and has grown 

 round a fort built by Nawab 

 Muzaffar Khan. Area, dist., 

 6,052 sq. m. Pop. dist., 569,500; 

 town, 4,400. ";, 



Muzaffarnagar. District and 

 town of India in the Meerut 

 division, United Provinces. The 

 dist. lies between the Ganges 



Muzaffar-ed-Din, 

 Shah of Persia 



