NAPLES . 



Thomas Aquinas. A tall brick 

 campanile in the Strada Tribunal! 

 is the remnant of a church built by 

 Bishop Pomponius in 514. In San 

 Lorenzo Boccaccio first beheld and 

 loved Fiammetta. There are in- 

 teresting catacombs of the 1st cen- 

 tury behind S. Gennaro. At the 

 university, founded by the em- 

 peror Frederick II in 1224, S. 

 Thomas Aquinas lectured. Reor- 

 ganized in 1781, it has now over 

 7,000 students, chiefly of law and 

 medicine. In the Piazza Mercato, 

 outside the church of Santa Maria 

 del Carmine, Conradino was exe- 

 cuted, and is buried in the church. 

 Pop. 698,000. 



Naples was founded by Greek 

 colonists and was first called Parth- 

 snope, or Virgin City, after a siren 

 said to have been drowned upon 

 the coast. Re-settled by later emi- 

 grants from Greece, it was named 

 Neapolis, or the New City. Con- 

 quered by the Romans, 326 B.C., the 

 beauty of its site and the mineral 

 springs of Baiae, in the western 

 corner of the gulf of Pozzuoli, 

 rendered it and its environs a 

 favourite seaside resort under the 

 Empire. Baths and villas, built 

 along the shore, encroached even 

 upon the sea. Marius, Pompey, 

 and Julius Caesar had houses at 

 Baiae. Horace loved the place ; 

 and here Virgil lived, and chose to 

 be buried. The tomb of Virgil is 

 placed in the Grotta di Sejano. 

 which was cut through the rock of 

 the hill of Posilipo in Roman times. 

 Bibliography. Tour through the 

 Southern Provinces of Naples, R. 

 K. Craven, 1821 ; Italy : Rome and 

 Naples, H. A. Taine, Eng. trans. J. 

 Durand, 1867 ; Naples in 1888, E. 

 N. Rolfe and H. Ingleby, 1888 ; 

 Naples, Past and Present, A. H. 

 Norway, 1901 ; Naples and S. Italy, 

 E. Hutton, 1915. 



The Kingdom of Naples 

 Naples was also the capital and 

 name city of a kingdom which 

 existed 1138-1860. The Goths, who 

 had occupied Naples on the fall of 

 the Western Empire, were expelled 

 by Belisarius on behalf of Justinian 

 in 536. It was retaken by the 

 Goths under Totila, 543, but re- 

 covered by Narses ten years later. 

 As a Byzantine- duchy, Naples op- 

 posed the Lombard duchy of Bene- 

 vento, and became practically inde- 

 pendent. Enriched by sea-borne 

 commerce with the East, before 

 Venice, Pisa, Leghorn, and Genoa 

 supplanted her, the maritime city 

 offered a tempting prey to the Sara- 

 cens from Sicily. It was conquered 

 by Roger of Sicily in 1130, and 

 then became a kingdom. 



The Norman kingdom of Naples 

 and Sicily, which included all S. 

 Italy, held as a fief of the Holy See, 

 passed through Constance, the 



5632 



Norman heiress, to the Hohenstau- 

 fen line. The emperor Frederick II 

 was succeeded in the Two Sicilies, 

 as the kingdom was called, by his 

 illegitimate son, Manfred. The 

 pope, however, offered the inheri- 

 tance of Naples to Charles of An- 

 jou, by whom Manfred was defeated 

 and slain at Benevento, 1266. 



The Angevins continued to hold 

 the kingdom of Naples after the 

 Sicilian Vespers had ousted them 

 from Sicily. The dynasty died out 

 with Joanna II, whose evil life 

 still remains a byword. Alfonso V, 

 king of Aragon and Sicily, whom 

 she had once adopted as heir, 

 seized the kingdom upon her 

 death, 1435. After a long struggle 

 with the French, he was acknow- 

 ledged king of the Two Sicilies in 

 1443, and bequeathed his Neapoli- 

 tan kingdom to his cruel and 

 avaricious bastard, Ferrante, or 

 Ferdinand, 1458. 



French and Spanish Struggles 

 Joanna I having no issue, had 

 finally adopted her cousin Louis, 

 duke of Anjou. His rights, passing 

 to Louis XI and Charles VIII of 

 France, formed the pretext for the 

 French invasion of Italy. Charles 

 VIII occupied Naples Feb. -May, 

 1495. When the French were ex- 

 pelled from Italy, the Aragonese 

 returned to Naples. But Louis XII 

 joined with Ferdinand of Spain 

 against his kinsman Frederick, 

 took and sacked the capital. They 

 fell out over the spoils. Thereupon 

 the Spanish general, Gonzalo de 

 Cordova, ejected the French after 

 the battle of the Garigliano, 1503, 

 and Naples became henceforth a 

 Spanish province. 



Before the battle of Lepanto, 

 1571, restored Spanish supremacy 

 in the Mediterranean, Naples suf- 

 fered much from raids by the 

 Turks. In 1647 occurred the revolt 

 of Masaniello. Another rising, 

 under Gennaro Annese, was ruth- 

 lessly suppressed by Don John of 

 Austria, to whom Gennaro be- 

 trayed the city, after the duke of 

 Guise had come, at his invitation, 

 to regain the possessions of the 

 House of Anjou. By the war of 

 the Spanish Succession, Naples, 

 wj-ested from Spain, passed to the 

 Austrian Emperor, Charles VI, in 

 1713. But during the war of the 

 Polish Succession, Don Carlos, 

 second son of the Bourbon Philip 

 of Spain, invaded the Two Sicilies, 

 and by the treaty of Vienna, 1738, 

 was recognized as King Charles II. 

 Under the Spanish Bourbons, 

 Naples remained in a state of 

 medieval barbarism. The people 

 were oppressed, poor, ignorant, 

 and lazy ; the city teemed with 

 lazzaroni, the country with ban- 

 dits, beggars, and priests. An at- 



NAPLES 



tempt by Ferdinand IV to expel 

 the French Republican armies from 

 the Papal States was followed by 

 the creation of the Parthenopean 

 Republic in Jan., 1799. 



Bourbon Restoration 

 Ferdinand was restored next 

 year by a Calabrian army under 

 Cardinal Ruffo, supported by the 

 British fleet, and even after Ma- 

 rengo, thanks to the intervention 

 of Paul I of Russia, he was still 

 allowed to reign. Napoleon, how- 

 ever, turned out the Bourbons in 

 1806, and made first his brother 

 Joseph, and then his general, Joa- 

 chim Murat, king of the Two 

 Sicilies, 1808. Murat, in spite of 

 Napoleon's military and financial 

 exactions, introduced some reforms 

 before he attempted to lead a 

 revolt in favour of Napoleon, and 

 was forced to flee, May, 1815. 



Ferdinand IV, returning as Fer- 

 dinand I, king of the Two Sicilies, 

 gave fair promises of freedom 

 and reform, while secretly binding 

 himself to Austria not to introduce 

 constitutional changes other than 

 those allowed in the Austrian do- 

 minions in Italy. The administra- 

 tion remained corrupt and oppres- 

 sive as ever. A military rising in 

 1820, joined by the members of the 

 Carbonari (q.v . ), and led by General 

 Pepe, wrung the concession of a 

 constitution from the treacherous 

 tyrant ; but the Bourbon absolu- 

 tism was restored by Austrian 

 bayonets. This oppressive and 

 despotic government was con- 

 tinued by Francis I and Ferdinand 

 II, nicknamed Bomba, who quelled 

 a rebellion in 1828, and in Jan., 

 1848, yielding to a series of revo- 

 lutionary outbreaks, granted a 

 constitution. But after a period of 

 wild disorder, the constitution 

 ended in a massacre, May 15, 1848. 

 Ferdinand took ferocious ven- 

 geance upon the champions of 

 liberty, which called forth the de- 

 nunciations of Gladstone, and was 

 checked by British intervention. 



At length the emancipation of 

 Italy put an end to Bourbon mis- 

 government. Garibaldi, landing in 

 Sicilv, made hid way to the capital, 

 whence Francis II had fled, Sept. 

 8, 1860. Disregarding the Maz- 

 zinian democrats, he hailed Victor 

 Emmanuel as king of Italy, and 

 the people of Naples and Sicily 

 voted themselves a part of the 

 Sardinian kingdom, Oct. 21. 



Bibliography. History of the 

 Kingdom of Naples, 1734-1825, P. 

 Colletta, 1860 ; History of Sicily 

 from the Earliest Times, E. A. Free- 

 man, 1891 ; Naples in 1799, C. H. D. 

 Giglioli, 1903 ; Napoleonic Empire 

 in S. Italy, R. M. Johnston, 1904 ; 

 Garibaldi and the Thousand, 1859- 

 60, G. M. Trevelyan, 1909. 



