NATIONAL GUARD 



NATIONAL LIBERAL 



National Guard. ni-.Min-:iti"ii 



fur IKPIMC defence. It 



comes Into Ming during a period of 

 r'raner famished a con- 



s|iirllHlM example, when :i national 



L'uanl u.i- legalised by the National 

 Assembh in 1791. Dissolved in 



:i.l rexhed ill IS.'il). it. fought 



in tin- I'Yanco Prussian War and 

 was disbanded in 1872. Italy and 

 Greece have had a national guard 

 at various periods. 



In Great Britain the volunteers 

 rai.-i-d t" icpel Napoleon's threat- 

 ened inva-ion \\i-n- a national 

 L'uanl in all but name, as were 

 virtually tlio later volunteers. The 

 latter, when they became terri- 

 torials, were more allied to the 

 regular army, though the adminis- 

 t rat ion and organization were on a 

 county civilian basis. 



During the Great War the special 

 constables and volunteers, the 

 latter men over military age or unfit 

 for active service, constituted a 

 sort of national guard. One volun- 

 teer unit actually assumed the 

 name, the City of London National 

 (Juard Volunteer Corps, formed in 

 Dec., 4914. The body of volunteers, 

 who met sailors and soldiers who 

 arrived at the stations in London on 

 furlough, and rendered other useful 

 services, were called generally the 

 National Guard. The body of loyal 

 citizens known officially as the 

 I'efence Force raised during the 

 strike menace, April, 1921, was a 

 national guard. In the U.S.A. there 

 are national guard units of the 

 militia in most of the states See 

 Armlet ; consult also The National 

 Guard in the Great War, 1914-18, 

 A. E. M. Foster, 1920. 



Nationalisation. Term used 

 for the taking over and manage- 

 ment by the state or nation of any- 

 thing of public utility, such as land, 

 mines, railways, shipping, etc. In 

 times of revolution, as in France in 

 1789-90, and in Russia in 1918, 

 this is done wholesale, but the term 

 usually implies a less violent 

 change, a fair price being paid for 

 the property acquired. Thus the 

 Krin-li G.P.O., with its allied tele- 

 graph and telephone services, has 

 been nationalised, as have the rly. 

 systems of Australia, India, France, 

 and Germany, and in part that of 

 Canada. In Great Britain the 

 nationalisation of the land has been 

 agitated, for, as has that of rlys. 

 and shipping. The miners' repre- 

 sentatives on the Sankey commis- 

 sion on the coal industry, 1919, 

 recommended nationalisation, and 

 the strikes of 1920-21 were in 

 reality directed towards that end 

 See Land ; Socialism. 



Nationalists. Name given to 

 any political party that seeks for a 

 country, which is part of a large 



unit, some national object, whether 

 independence or home rule. An 

 example is the nationalist party 

 in Egypt, but the one to which the 

 t. -i in is generally applied is Irish. 

 This appeared in an organized form 

 about 1870 under the leadership of 

 Isaac Butt, and was strong in the 

 British House of Commons after 

 the general election of 1874, becom- 

 ing still more so under the direction 

 of C. S. Parnell. Its main object 

 was to secure home rule for Ireland. 

 With about 80 members it exercised 

 considerable influence in British 

 politics, especially when, as in 

 1892-95, tne two main parties 

 therein were fairly evenly balanced. 

 Split after ParnelFs appearance in 

 the divorce court in 1890, the party 

 was reunited under J. E. Redmond, 

 but it almost disappeared at the 

 election of 1918, its place being 

 taken by Sinn Fein. See Home 

 Rule ; Ireland ; Parnell, C. S. ; 

 Sinn Fein. 



Nationality. Generally, the sum 

 of the characteristic differences 

 between groups of persons which 

 arise from divergences of cultural 

 tradition and language. Such a 

 group is called a nation, and should 

 be distinguished from a group 

 living under the same government, 

 which is usually called a state. The 

 boundaries between nationalities, 

 even when geographically separate, 

 do not always correspond with the 

 frontiers of states ; and nationality 

 therefore sometimes becomes a 

 source of difficulty to government, 

 as in Egypt and Ireland, and in 

 Bohemia before the Great War. 

 Sometimes, however, one state in- 

 cludes many nationalities without 

 any difficulty, e.g. Switzerland. 



There is no clear demarcation 

 between the characteristics of a 

 small local group and the more 

 important and permanent char- 

 acteristics of a nationality, as there 

 is no clear difference between a dia- 

 lect and a language ; but in general 

 a nationality involves a traditional 

 outlook on life, traditional quasi- 

 religious ideals, and a fully devel- 

 oped mode of expression in a 

 language with a literature. Nearly 

 always nationality is connected 

 with some country or district, even 

 when, as in the case of the Jews, 

 the connexion is one of memory. 



From the sense of nationality 

 arises the political enthusiasm 

 called nationalism. This arises 

 either from oppression or from an 

 exaggerated sense of the importance 

 of the group. Thus the nationality 

 of the Italians in 1860 was felt to be 

 oppressed by the Austrian govern- 

 ment in Italy ; but after the vic- 

 tory had been won against Austria, 

 the oppressed group developed an 

 exaggerated sense of importance. 



Nationality may be, or may be 

 made to serve as, the basU of a 

 distinct form of government ; but 

 it may in certain canes be well 

 developed within the same state to- 

 Aether with other nationalities. 

 Of the formative elements in 

 nationality the most important is 

 tradition ; by which is meant an 

 inherited admiration for certain 

 types of character and certain kinds 

 of life. Thus, in one nationality 

 wit and skill in living are admired, 

 in another sturdy commonsense 

 and simplicity of customs. In 

 almost all nationalities there are 

 quasi-mythical national heroes who 

 are believed to have been the 

 embodiment of the national ideal ; 

 and in every nationality its history 

 is believed to be a record of success 

 and progress of its own excellence. 

 These beliefs, although insuffi- 

 ciently based on evidence, are not 

 necessarily pernicious ; but the 

 discovery of the actual scientific 

 facts as to descent, language, and 

 moral or religious tradition will 

 probably weaken the control of 

 the idea of nationality over the 

 minds of men. The fact of national 

 distinctions will then no longer 

 lead to unwarrantable dissensions 

 between those who speak different 

 languages. See Ethnology ; Lan- 

 guage. C. Delisle Barns 



Bibliography. Morality of Nations, 

 C. Delisle Burns, 1915 ; Nationality 

 and Government, A. E. Zimmern, 

 1918; Nationality and its Problems, 

 S. Herbert, 1920. 



National Kitchen. Food organ- 

 ization established in Great Britain 

 during the Great War. In June, 

 1918, the food controller issued an 

 order empowering local authorities 

 to establish and maintain national 

 kitchens, with distributing centres, 

 to supply meals and foodstuffs at 

 moderate rates. When a local 

 scheme for a kitchen was approved 

 by the food ministry, the treasury 

 paid the local authority 25 p.c. of 

 the cost of equipment, and lent it a 

 further 50 p.c. These national 

 kitchens were conducted on busi- 

 ness lines. See Food Control; 

 Municipal Kitchen. 



National Liberal. Name of an 

 influential political party in Ger- 

 many between 1866 and 1918. It 

 arose out of the liberal tendencies 

 that showed themselves in Europe 

 about the middle of the 19th cen- 

 tury, and was national, because it 

 advocated union between N. and 

 S. Germany. That was effected in 

 1871, and the party helped Bis- 

 marck to carry out the reforms 

 that marked the early years of the 

 new empire and supported him in 

 his opposition to the R.C. Church. 

 They broke with him, however, 

 about 1878 over his experiments in 



