NEW BRUNSWICK 



5698 



NEWBURY 



about 1762, but the province 

 really dates from the end of the 

 American War of Independence, 

 when many loyalists from tho 

 U.S.A. made their homes here. In 

 1784 it was separated from Nova 

 Scotia and made into a distinct 

 prov. It was given a representa- 

 tive assembly, but it was not till 

 1848 that this obtained any con- 

 trol over the executive council. In 

 1867 New Brunswick became one 

 of the provinces of the Dominion 

 of Canada. Between 1871 and 

 1875 there was an educational 

 difficulty in the province. The 

 Roman Catholics objected to the 

 establishment of public undenomi- 

 national schools, and, while the 

 system was maintained, certain 

 concessions were made to them 

 in 1875. Its area is 27,985 sq. m. 

 Pop. 352,000. See Canada. 



New Brims wick. City of New 

 Jersey, the co. seat of Middlesex co. 

 It stands on the Raritan river, at 

 the head of navigation, 30 m. 

 S.W. of New York, and is served 

 by the Pennsylvania Rly. and the 

 Delaware and Raritan Canal. It 

 contains Rutgers College, and has 

 manufacturing interests, the chief 

 products being motor vehicles, 

 cycle and motor tires, rubber 

 boots, medical and surgical ap- 

 pliances, and cigars. Settled in 

 1681, New Brunswick was incor- 

 porated in 1736, and became a 

 city in 1784. Its present name 

 was given to it in 1714, to celebrate 

 the fact that a member of the 

 house of Brunswick was king of 

 Great Britain. Pop. 32,800. 



New Brunswick, UNIVERSITY 

 OF. Educational centre at Fre- 

 dericton, N.B. It was founded in 

 1859 to take over King's College, 

 an establishment dating from 

 1800. The government of the 

 prov. controls its working. Strong 

 in applied science, especially en- 

 gineering and forestry, it has 

 laboratories, museums, an obser- 

 vatory, and a library. 



Newburg. Name of several 

 towns and villages in the U.S.A. 

 The largest, 6 m. S.E. of Cleveland, 

 Ohio, with iron and steel industries, 

 has been incorporated into the 

 neighbouring city. Another is 

 situated on the Ohio river, 10 m. 

 E. of Evansville in Indiana. It is 

 in a noted tobacco-growing dis- 

 trict, and has industries connected 

 with coal and coke. Another New- 

 burg is 13 m. E.N.E. of Grafton in 

 West Virginia. Others are in 

 Maine, 15 m. W.S.W. of Bangor ; 

 in Pennsylvania, 6 m. N.N.W. of 

 Shippensburg ; in Wisconsin, on 

 the Milwaukee river, 33 m. S.E. of 

 Ford du Lac ; and in Missouri, in 

 Phelps co., on the St. Louis and 

 San Francisco rly. 



Newburgh. Royal and mun. 

 burgh and seaport of Fifeshire, 

 Scotland. It stands on the Firth of 

 Tay, 11 m. from Perth, with a 

 station on the N.B. Rly. There is 

 a town hall, and the industries in- 

 clude fishing and the manufacture 

 of floorcloth, linen, etc. There is 

 some shipping, for which there is a 

 small harbour. The property of the 

 abbots of Lindores, Newburgh was 

 made a burgh in 1266. The ruins 

 of the Benedictine abbey of Lin- 

 dores, founded in 1178, outside 

 the town, can still be seen. Market 

 day, Thurs. Pop. 2,000. 



Newburgh. City of New York, 

 U.S.A., in Orange co. It stands 

 on the right bank of the Hudson 

 river, 58 m. N. of New York city, 

 and is served by the Erie and West 

 Shore rlys. and by steamers. The 

 chief products are cotton, woollen 

 and silk goods, soap, tools, paper, 

 furniture, boilers, pumps, and 

 shirts. Shipbuilding and a trade 

 in coal and agricultural produce 

 are carried on. Washington's head- 

 quarters, a stone structure, is now 

 a museum. The American army 

 was disbanded here in 1783, and a 

 victory tower commemorates the 

 termination of the war. Settled in 

 1709, Newburgh was incorporated 

 in 1800, and became a city in 

 1865. Pop. 30,400. 



Newburgh, EARL OF. Scottish 

 title now borne by the family of 

 Giustiniani-Bandini. The first 

 holder was the royalist Sir James 

 Livingston, created viscount hi 

 1647 by Charles I, and earl in 1660 

 by Charles II. His son Charles 

 died without sons in 1694, his 

 heiress being his daughter Char- 

 lotte, whose husband, a Radcliffe, 

 claimed the title and estates of 

 earl of Derwentwater. Their son 

 James became the 4th earl of New- 

 burgh. When the 5th earl died in 

 1814 there was no direct heir. 

 Prince Giustiniani, a Roman noble, 

 had married the heiress, and their 

 son ranks as the 6th earl, although 

 he did not claim the title. It was, 

 however, granted to his daughter 

 Maria after 1857, when she became 

 naturalized as a British subject. 

 She married Charles, Marquess 

 Bandini. In 1908 Charles, duke 

 of Mondragone (b. 1862), became 

 the 9th earl. His eldest son's 

 courtesy title in Britain is Viscount 

 Kynnaird. 



Newburn. Urban dist. of 

 Northumberland, England. It is on 

 the Tyne, 6 m. from Newcastle, 

 with a station on the N.E. Rly. 

 The old church of S. Michael was 

 restored in the 19th century. Near 

 is the Roman wall, and Roman 

 remains have been found here. 

 There are coal mines in the vicinity ; 

 other industries are the making of 



machinery, tools, and fireclay, and : 

 there are also iron and steel works. 

 Pop. 17,200. 



In Aug., 1640, there waa a skir- 

 mish here. At issue with Charles I, 

 the Scots sent an army of 25,000 

 men into England. When they 

 reached Newburn they found the 

 ford there guarded by a body of 

 royalists. On the 28th, after a 

 cannonade, the latter, much in- 

 ferior in numbers, fled, and the 

 Scots crossed the Tyne. 



Newbury. Mun. bor. and mar- 

 ket town of Berkshire, England. 

 It stands on the Kennet and the 

 Kennet and Avon canal, 17 m. 

 from Reading and 53 from London. 

 It is a junction on the G.W. Rly., 

 and the terminus of a light rly. The 

 church of S. Nicholas was rebuilt 

 by John Smallwood, called Jack of 

 Newbury, who led 150 men to 

 Flodden and died in 1519. The 

 Cloth Hall is now a museum, and 

 there are some old almshouses and 

 an old grammar school. 



Newbury is the market town for 

 a considerable area around. It 

 holds yearly an important market 

 for sheep, while malting, brew- 

 ing, and milling are carried on. 

 There are establishments for train- 

 ing racehorses, and six race meet- 

 ings are held here during the year. 

 The town includes Speenhamland, 

 and near are Shaw House, an 

 Elizabethan residence, and the 

 remains of Donnington Castle. In 

 spite of its name, Newbury was a 

 borough in the 12th century. It 

 became prosperous owing to the 

 expanding trade in wool, but soon 

 after 1600 this began to decline. 

 The corporation was reformed 

 under the Act of 1835. Market 

 day, Thurs. Pop. 12,100. 



Newbury, BATTLES OF. Fought 

 during the Civil War, Sept. 20, 

 1643, and Oct. 27, 1644. 



The parliamentary army under 

 the earl of Essex, about 15,000 

 strong, was returning through 

 Wiltshire to London, after the 

 relief of Gloucester. To cut it off 

 the king arrayed his army at New- 

 bury, while Rupert and the horse- 

 men had skirmishes at Aldbourne 

 Chase and elsewhere. Essex, how- 

 ever, reached Enborne, a village 

 3 m. from Newbury, and on the 

 downs between this place and 

 Newbury, with the Kennet to the 

 N., the fight took place. It began 

 with a series of royalist attacks, 

 but the London train bands 

 would not give ground, and else- 

 where the parliamentarians stood 

 firm against repeated assaults, 

 making good use of the hedges, 

 which were plentiful. When dark- 

 ness came on the royalists, with 

 their ammunition exhausted, fell 

 back, and Essex, left in possession 



