NEWBURYPORT 



5699 



NEWCASTLE 



of the ei-omnl. was iilile to con- 

 tinue In- in.ii-rh. Tin- in. -! notable 

 death was that of Lord K.ilkluml. 



In Oct.. 1(144, the royalist army 

 was operating around Oxford, and 

 the parliamentary force** were sent 

 ige it. They found the king 

 \\itli almiit 10,000 men near Now- 

 bury, with the rivers Kennot and 

 Lambourn in front of him. and on 

 his flank Donnington Cattle, one of 

 his strongholds. The plan of the 

 IMI ii tun n'arians was for a t! ml, 

 attack. One section, after a long 

 circuitous march, carricil out its 

 part of the |>t"i:iaiiimo. by captur- 

 ing the village of Spccu in the 

 rear of the main royalist pcit ion, 

 but the others did little, and niu'lit 

 fell without any decision having 

 been reached. 



Newburyport. City and port 

 of entry of Massachusetts, U.S.A., 

 the co. seat of Essex co. It stands on 

 the S. bank of the Merrimac river, 

 37 m. by rly. N.E. of Boston, and 

 is sQrvea by the Boston and Maine 

 Rly. It has a safe and spacious 

 harbour. George Whitefield is 

 buried in the old South Church. 

 Settled in 1635, Newburyport was 

 incorporated in 1704, and became 

 a city in 1851. Pop. 15,600. 



New Caledonia. French island 

 in the South Seas. It is 1,077 m. 

 from Sydney, is 250 m. long and 

 35 m. wide, with an area of about 

 6,500 sq. m. Two parallel ranges 

 cross the island and culminate at 

 5,570 ft. ; the numerous rivers are 

 of little use for navigation. The 

 average annual rainfall is about 

 40 ins., but much of the bland is 

 bare or poor savannah. A fringing 

 reef encircles the island, the inner 

 lagoon being of great use for 

 navigation. There are coffee and 

 cotton plantations, cattle runs, 

 orchards, and vineyards. Nickel of 

 high quality, cobalt, chrome, coal, 

 gold, and other minerals occur; 

 some ore is smelted at Noumea. 

 Native Kanakas are the chief 

 labourers. Pop. 50,000. 



Discovered by Capt. Cook in 

 1774, the island became French in 

 1853. From 1864-95 it was a 

 penal settlement, and the remain- 

 ing convicts are now kept in the 

 islet of Nou, opposite Noumea, the 

 capital. The Isle of Pines, Loyalty 

 Islands, Huon Islands, Chester- 

 field Group, Walpole Island, and 

 Mato Island are neighbouring 

 dependencies. Surprise Island in 

 the Huon group yields phosphate, 

 and Walpole Island guano. The 

 Wallis archipelago, N.E. of Fiji, 

 and Futuna and Alan' to the S. of 

 this group, are more remote depen- 

 dencies. The colony is administered 

 by a governor, assisted by a privy 

 council and an elected council - 

 general. See Oceania. 



Newcastle. Market town of 



l.niM'i i' I,. Ireland It w 24 m. 

 from Limeiii k. Pop. 2,400. Tin-M- 

 are a number of other places of thin 

 name in Ireland, these including 

 baronies in counties Dublin and 

 \\I.UM\V. ati'l villages in counties 

 Tipperary, Meath, and Galway. 



Newcastle. Watering-place of 

 I >'. SMI, In-hind. It stands on 

 Dundrum Bay, llm. 8. W. of Down- 

 patrick, and 3U m. from Belfast, 

 and is served by the G.N of Ire- 

 land and Belfast and County I >ow n 

 \miil nwirnificent scenery, it 

 i.s visited for its bathing and golf. 

 Then- are no remains of the castle 

 built in the time of Elizabeth. 

 Pop. 1,800. See Ireland. 



Newcastle. Town of Australia, 

 in New South Wales. It stands at 

 the mouth of the Hunter river 

 10:2 m. by rly. N.N.E. of Sydney, 

 on the largest coalfield in Aus- 

 tralia. Between the town and 

 Catherine Hill Bay the coal seams 

 are exposed in the sea cliffs. The 

 original settlement followed the 

 discovery by Shortland of coal 

 near the mouth of the Hunter in 

 1796. Pop. 61,000. 



Newcastle. Town of Natal, S. 

 Africa. It stands on the Incardu 

 river at the foot of the Drakens- 

 berg, 197 m. from Pietermaritz- 

 burg and 160 from Durban, with 

 which it is connected by raiL It is 

 the centre of a coal-mining dis- 

 trict, and stands at an alt. of 3,750 

 ft. The buildings include town 

 hal! and public library. During the 

 Boer War of 1880-81 it served as 

 the British base, and here peace 

 was signed. In the S. African War, 

 1899-1902, its position on the 

 border of the Transvaal again made 

 it important. The Boers occupied 

 it in their invasion of Natal in Oct., 

 1899, and it was not regained by 

 the British until June, 1900. Pop. 

 3.700 (2,100 whites). 



New Castle. City of Indiana, 

 U.S.A., the co. seat of Henry co. 

 It stands on the Blue river, 45 m. 

 by rly. E. by N. of Indianapolis, 

 and is served by the Pittsburg, 

 Cincinnati, Chicago, St. Louis and 

 other rlys. It lies in an agricultural 

 district and manufactures iron 

 and steel, furniture, motor- vehicles, 

 clothing, and pianos. Pop. 14,500. 



New Castle. City of Pennsyl- 

 vania, U.S.A., the co. seat of Law- 

 rence co. It stands at the con- 

 fluence of the Neshanncck and 

 Shenango rivers, 49 m. by rly. 

 X.\V. of Pittsburg, and is served 

 by the Baltimore and Ohio and 

 other rlys. Manufactures include 

 steel and iron, tin-plates, pottery, 

 cement, chemicals, hosiery, mach- 

 inery, and tires. Newcastle was 

 settled in 1812, and chartered as 

 a city, 1869. Pop. 44,900. 



Newcastle, Duu or. British 

 title borne by the family of Pelh&m- 

 ( I m ton. It is Uken from New- 

 cavtle-under-Lyme. The tint duke 

 was the soldier, William Cavendish, 

 who, in 1665, was made duke of 

 Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Hi* son 

 Henry, the 2nd duke (d. 1691), 

 left no sons, so the title became 

 extinct, but in 1694 it was revived 

 for Henry's son-in-law, John 

 Hollos, earl of Clare (d. 1711). 



He, too, left no sons, and his 

 estates passed to a nephew, Thomas 

 Pelham, who was made duke of 

 Newcastle-upon-Tyne in 1715, and 

 duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme in 

 1756. He was the associate of 

 the elder Pitt. When he died hi 

 1768 his earlier dukedom became 

 extinct, but the newer one passed 

 to a nephew, Henry Fiennes Clin- 

 ton, 9th earl of Lincoln, a title 

 dating from 1572, whose descen- 

 dants still hold it. Henry, the 5th 

 duke (1811-64), sat in the House of 

 Commons as earl of Lincoln, 1832- 

 51. He was first commissioner of 

 woods and forests. 1841-46; chief 

 secretary for Ireland, 1846; 

 secretary for war and the colonies, 

 1852-54 ; and for the colonies only, 

 1859-64. In 1879 Henry (b. 1864) 

 became the 7th duke. The duke's 

 seat is Clumber, Nottinghamshire. 

 His estates include part of the city 

 of Nottingham. His eldest son is 

 called the earl of Lincoln. 



Newcastle, WILLIAM CAVBN- 

 DISH, 1st DUKE OF (1592-1676). 

 royalist. Son of Sir 

 Charles Caven- 

 dish of Wei- 

 beck, Notting- 

 hamshire, he 

 was made 

 earl of New- 

 castle by 

 James I, 1628. 

 A friend of 

 Charles I, he 

 raised troops 

 th ^ 



1639, 



and had tutorship of Prince 

 Charles, 1638-41. In 1642 he 

 raised the siege of York, besieged 

 Leeds, April, 1643, and in June de- 

 feated the parliamentarians at 

 Adwalton Moor. Marquess in 1643, 

 he was relieved by Prince Rupert 

 at York, and, after fighting at 

 Marston Moor, left England and 

 lived in poverty in the Netherlands 

 until after the Restoration, 1660. 

 He was recompensed by several 

 royal offices and the dukedom, 

 1665, and died Dec. 25, 1676. He 

 wrote plays and two works on 

 horsemanship, 1658 and 1667. He 

 married in 1645 Margaret Lucas 

 (d. 1673). See A Cavalier and His 

 Lady : Selections from the works 

 of the 1st Duke and Duchess of 



English 



,,. Cavendi *h, 

 IstDaksolHsweaiU. 



