was made earl 



of 



NEWCASTLE 



N., ed. E. Jenkins, 1872; The 

 First Duke and Duchess of New- 

 castle, T. Longueville, 1910. 



Newcastle, THOMAS PELHAM- 

 HOLLES, 1st DUKE OF (1693-1768). 

 English statesman. Son of Thomas, 

 1st Lord Pel- 

 ham, he was 

 born July 21, 

 1693, educated 

 a t Westmin- 

 ster and Cam- 

 bridge, and 

 succeeded his 

 father in 1712. 

 A supporter of 



Thomas Pelham- George I's 

 Holies, 1st Duke of accession, h e 

 Newcastle 



After Hoare 



and duke of Newcastle, 1715. In 

 1724 he joined Walpole's cabinet, 

 and continued to hold office, save 

 during the winter of 1756-57, 

 until superseded by the earl of 

 Bute in May, 1762. On the death 

 of his brother, Henry Pelham (q.v.), 

 he was first lord of the treasury, 

 1754-56. Under his second premier- 

 ship, 1756-62, Pitt was his war 

 minister. Lord privy seal under 

 Rockingham, 1765-66, he died in 

 London, Nov. 17, 1768. 



Newcastle Daily Chronicle, 

 THE. Morning newspaper, estab- 

 lished at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, 

 May 1, 1858. Under the control 

 of Joseph Cowen it became an 

 influential Liberal organ with 

 markedly independent views. The 

 weekly issue, from which it sprang, 

 and in which W. C. Adams started 

 the Dicky Bird Society, was 

 founded by Thomas Slack, March 

 24, 1764 ; the evening issue began 

 Nov. 2, 1885 ; and a companion 

 daily pictorial paper in 1910. 



Newcastle Emlyn. Urban 

 dist. of Carmarthenshire, Wales. It 

 is mainly on the left bank of the 

 Teifi, 9 m. from Cardigan, with a 

 station on the G.W. Rly. Across 

 the river is Cardiganshire. The 

 ancient Dinas Emlyn, it was a 

 Roman station, and was called 

 Newcastle-in-Emlyn when a castle 

 was built here. Of this only a few 

 traces are left. Pop. 900. 



Newcastle-under-Lyme. Mun. 

 bor. and market town of Stafford- 

 shire, England. It stands on Lyme 

 Brook, 16 m. 

 from Stafford, 

 and is served by 

 the N. Stafford- 

 shire Rly. The 

 buildings include 

 the modern 

 town hall and 

 ,the church of 

 Newcastle-under- ' S. Giles, rebuilt, 

 Lyme arms save only the 



tower, in the 19th century. The 

 high school was founded in 1662 ; on 



57OO 



the same foundation are two other 

 schools. In the vicinity are large 

 collieries and potteries, while other 

 industries include the making of 

 clothes and paper, brewing and 

 malting. There are chemical and 

 fustian works. In the 12th century 

 a castle was built here, and as it 

 was near the forest of Lyme the 

 name arose. It soon became a 

 place of importance, and in 1590 

 was made a chartered town. It was 

 formerly noted for its manufacture 

 of hats. From 1353 to 1885 it sent 

 two members to Parliament. Mar- 

 ket days, Mon. and Sat. Pop. 

 20,200. 



Newcastle-upon-Tyne. River 

 port, city, and co. of a city 

 in the county of Northum- 

 berland. It is the 



Newcastle-upon- 

 Tyne arms 



centre of a 

 coal-mining, ship- 

 building, indus- 

 trial, and agri- 

 cultural area, 

 and stands 8 m. 

 from the sea, on 

 the N. bank of 

 the Tyne. Geo- 



graphically it is the natural outlet 

 for much Northumbrian agricul- 

 ture. To facilitate shipping, etc., 

 the Tyne Commission undertook 

 from 1861 onwards its great work 

 of deepening and improving the 

 river. Newcastle's main expansion 

 has been to the E. and W., owing 

 partly to the transport facilities of 

 the river. Its industries, apart 

 from coal and shipbuilding, include 

 engineering works, electrical 

 works, and power distribution, 

 chemical industries, grindstones, 

 and the manufacture of lead and 

 of copper alloys. There are markets 

 for corn, hay and straw, cows, fish, 

 vegetables, etc. 



Six bridges cross the river, viz. 

 High Level, 1846^9 ; Swing, 1876 ; 

 Redheugh ; Scotswood suspension ; 

 Scotswood (railway) ; and King 

 Edward VII (railway). Of bridges 

 crossing the valley of the Ouseburn, 

 Byker Bridge, the railway bridge, 

 and Armstrong Bridge are con- 

 spicuous. Open spaces and parks 



Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire. Ironmarket. one 

 of the principal thoroughfares 



NEWCASTLE 



are extensive, e.g. Town Moor, 

 (927 acres), Nuns Moor, Castle 

 Leazes, Leazes Park, in the N. ; 

 Jesmond Dene, Armstrong Park, 

 Heaton Park, hi the E. and N.E. ; 

 Elswick Park in the W. 



S. Nicholas' Church, a cathedral 

 since 1882, is on the site of an 

 earlier church of 1091, which was 

 rebuilt 1172-78, but burnt down 

 1216 ; the rebuilding was com- 

 pleted 1350, and the lantern tower 

 added about 1450. S. Andrew's 

 and S. John's contain parts dating 

 from the 12th century. Other con- 

 spicuous churches are : All Saints, 

 S. George's, S. Matthew's, and 

 S. Mary's R.C. Cathedral. The 

 Great Tower, or keep, of the 

 Castle, and the Black Gate, 1247, 

 and its museums, are held by the 

 Society of Antiquaries. 



The university of Durham has 

 faculties represented by the College 

 of Medicine, and by Armstrong 

 College. Schools include Ruther- 

 ford College, Royal Grammar 

 School, Central High School, New- 

 castle High School, Allan's En- 

 dowed Schools, S. Cuthbert's R.C. 

 Grammar School, etc. Music is 

 fostered by the Newcastle and 

 Gateshead Choral Union and nu- 

 merous other societies. Musical 

 tournaments are now held annu- 

 ally. The Institute of Mining 

 Engineers, the N.E. Coast Insti- 

 tute of Engineers and Ship- 

 builders, the Society of Anti- 

 quaries, the Classical Association, 

 the Historical Association, etc., 

 watch over other interests. The 

 public libraries contain nearly 

 200,000 books, MSS., etc.; the Art 

 Gallery (1904) has loan exhibitions ; 

 the Literary and Philosophical 

 Soc. (1793) has its library, lecture 

 hall, etc., near the Central station. 

 Its History, by Spence Watson, 

 1897, illuminates local life. The 

 Royal Infirmary, 1906, replaces 

 the old infirmary, 1752. Trinity 

 House (hall, chapel, almshouses) 

 is in Trinity Chase, off the Quay- 

 side. Under the British League 

 of Help scheme, Newcastle 

 " adopted " Arras in 1920. 

 mm^m^gmmas Four members 

 are returned to 

 Parliament. The 

 chief magistrate 

 is styled, since 

 1906, lord mayor. 

 The mayoralty 

 dates back at all 

 events to 1252; 

 the shrievalty to 

 1400. The old 

 government o f 

 Newcastle was 

 dissolved in 1835. 

 There are 19 

 aldermen and 

 57 councillors. 



