NEWCHURCH 



ro i 



NEWCHWANG 



Newcastle became a point on the 

 Roman Wall when Hadrian, A.U. 

 120, built his bridge (Pons Aelii) 

 ami ramp The town however 

 had no importance until William 

 I'B sons established the fort kn<>\\ n. 

 from 1080, as the New Castle. 

 Tin- Soots held it during Stephen's 

 but Henry II recovered it, 

 built a cast Ir, the keep of which 

 st ill remains, and granted a charter. 

 Kiiifj John confirmed the charter 

 in 1201 and added the right to 

 have a merchant guild, 121 (i. 

 Strong new walls and towers, parts 

 of which still remain, were built in 

 Edward I's reign, 



In 1320 Newcastle became the 

 northern staple port for wool. By 

 1342 the newer trade and craft 

 guilds had won a share in the 

 town's government ; fifty years 

 later the Fraternity of Trinity 

 House was established, which 

 lighted and buoyed the Tyne, and 

 exacted shipping dues. By the 

 charter of 1400, Newcastle became 

 a county in itself, and Elizabeth's 

 great charter of 1600 confirmed 

 the old privileges and added new 

 ones. Meanwhile the coal trade, 

 both home and foreign, had greatly 

 expanded. In the Civil War, 

 Newcastle favoured the 

 royalists, and in 1644 was 

 besieged and captured by 

 the Scots. The shipbuild- 

 ing trade added to New 

 castle's prosperity ; as also, 

 from the 17th to the late 

 19th century, did glass- 

 making. Pop. 274,955. See 



Tyne. Basil Anderton 



Bibliography. History and 

 Antiquities of Newcastle- 

 upon-Tyne, J. Brand, 1789: 

 History of Newcastle and 

 Gateshead, 3 vols., R. 



Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Northumberland. Plan ol the central district! ol the city 

 and part of Gateshead 



Welford, 1885-87; Newcastle Town : 

 its Rise and Progress, R. J. Charle- 

 ton, 1885; Comprehensive Guide to 

 Northumberland, W. W. Tornlin- 

 son, 1909 ; Handbook to the Roman 

 Wall, J. C. Bruce, 6th ed. 1909. 



Newchurch. Village of Mon- 

 mouthshire, Wales. It is 7 m. 

 from Usk. and consists of E. and W. 



Newchurch. Near are the remains 

 of a large British camp and the 

 ruins of a castle. 



Newchwang OB YFNGKOU. 

 Treaty port in Fengtien (Sheng- 

 king) prov., China. It was opened 

 to foreign trade in 1858. Though 

 formerly on the Gulf of Liao-tung, 

 _____ Newchwang is now situated 

 on the Liaoho, 14 in. up- 

 stream. It is connected 

 with the S. Manchuria HI y. . 

 linking Mukden and Dairen, 

 and with the Peking-Muk- 

 den Rly. Newchwang is ice- 

 bound for three months in 

 the year. Its commercial 

 position has been chal- 

 lenged by the opening of 

 Antung and the develop- 

 ment of Dairen. There is a 

 large volume of traffic by 

 junks on the Liaoho. Pop. 

 70,000 



Newcastle-upon-Tyne. 1. Urey Street, a busy thoroughfare, looking towards the memorial column to the 2nd Earl Grey. 

 2. Black Gate, the 13th century entrance to the castle. 3. West front ot the cathedral of S. Nicholas. 4. Keep of the 



castle built by Henry II, 1172-77 



