NEW ENGLAND 



3703 



NEWFOUNDLAND 



1-iici tin iininl sessions being In Id. 

 Its area is 02,000 q. m. Pop. 

 7,400.000. See Pilgrim Fathers 

 ami tin- .-in !!-- "ii (lie separate 

 states ; consult also The Mai. 

 N. Kniitand, S. A. Drake, Ivni. 

 New England Range <>n \i.\\ 



KM. I \M> I'l VI I U Mountainous 



area of Austiali.i, in New South 

 Wales. It is the N. K. *<< -\ ! .n of the 

 plateau which crosses New South 

 Wales roughly parallel to the coast. 

 The E. face is a steep scarp separ- 

 ated from the Pacific Ocean by a 

 coastal plain ; on this side the. 

 Clarence. Richmond, and Tweed 

 rivers flow between outlying parts 

 of the plateau, such as the Rich- 

 mond Range. To the W. the 

 plateau drops in gentler slopes, and 

 is drained by the Gwydir and 

 Macintyre to the Darling. Ben 

 Lomond and other peaks attain a 

 height of about 5,000 ft The 

 Sydney-Brisbane rly. crosses the 

 plateau close to the highest peaks. 

 Newent. Market town and 

 parish of Gloucestershire. It is 10 

 m. from Gloucester, with a station 

 on the G. W. Rly. It has some small 

 manufactures. The church, an old 

 foundation dedicated to S. Mary 

 the Virgin, has been largely rebuilt, 

 but contains some old monuments. 

 There are mineral springs here. 

 Market day, Tues. Pop. 2,800. 



New Forest. Woodland dis- 



tru-i of ll.iin|, -hire. It lien in tin- 

 S.W. of tin- . -utility hi-twi-i-n South- 

 ampton Water and the Avon, and 

 has an area of about 144 MJ. m. or 

 93,000 acres. It is about 16 m. 

 across ami 11 in. from N. to 8. The 

 diii-f plan-, thi-i'-in are Lyndliurnt, 

 I!roi-Uriihur.,t. Kingwood, and Min- 

 stoad. It contains the ruins of 

 Bcaulicu Abbey, Rufus Stone, and 

 ot!n-r subjects of interest, and is 

 watered by the Beauliou river and 

 other streams. The chief trees are 

 the oak and beech. There are some 

 dri-r in the forest, which has also a 



r u liar breed of ponies. The 

 & S.W. Rly. has a line running 

 through the forest with stations at 

 Lyndhurst Road, Brockcnhurst, 

 and elsewhere. 



Much of the land, about 63,000 

 acres, is the property of the crown, 

 and to look after it there are a sur- 

 veyor, verderers, and other officials, 

 while forest courts are still held. 

 The creation of the forest is usually 

 ascribed to William the Conqueror, 

 but it is more likely that he merely 

 reserved for himself an area already 

 forest. See Hampshire ; consult also 

 Highways and Byways in Hamp- 

 shire, D. H. M. Read, 1908 ; The 

 New Forest, E. Godfrey, 1912; 

 The New Forest, W. F. Rawnsley, 

 1915. 



NEWFOUNDLAND AND ITS INDUSTRIES 



Lord Morris, formerly Prime Minister ot Newfoundland 



Related articles include those on Cattada ; Labrador ; North 



America. See Grand Falls; St. John's ; Cod; Paper; Seal; also 



Daily Mail ; Northcliffe, Viscount 



Newfoundland 

 arms 



Newfoundland is a dominion of 

 the British Empire. It consists 

 of Newfoundland proper, a large 

 island in the N. 

 Atlantic, off the 

 continent of N. 

 America, and a 

 portion of the 

 mainland in 

 Labrador. The 

 most N. point of 

 the island is at 

 the straits of Belle 

 Isle, about seven miles wide, which 

 divide Newfoundland from Canada. 

 It is 42,754 sq. m. in area, its maxi- 

 mum length and breadth are both 

 about 320 m., and it is roughly 

 triangular in shape It is larger 

 than Ireland, and is the tenth 

 largest island in the world. From 

 its most E. point to the most W. 

 point of Ireland the distance is 

 1,040 m. At Heart's Content the 

 Great Eastern landed the Atlantic 

 cable in 1867, and within a few 

 miles of the same point the first 

 successful air Sight started across 

 the Atlantic in June, 1919. The 

 pop. is about 270,000. 

 The coaet-line of Newfoundland 



is much indented, giving it a total 

 length of something over 2,000 m., 

 not including the very small bays. 

 Conception Bay, Trinity Bay, 

 Bonavista Bay, and Notre Dame 

 Bay are extensive arms of the sea 

 on the E. and N. coasts ; Fortune 

 and Placentia Bays on the S. 

 contain between them the Burin 

 'Peninsula. Bay of Islands and Bay 

 St. George are on the fairly unbroken 

 W coast, White Bay on the N.E. 

 coast, and St. Mary's Bay on the S. 

 coast. The islands of St. Pierre and 

 Miquelon, 15 m. off the S. coast, are 

 held by the French, ceded to them 

 under the treaty of Utrecht in 1713 

 with the provision that they are 

 not to be fortified. 



The hills are mainly near the 

 coast The Long Range runs for 

 about 200 m. along the W. sea- 

 board. Between these and the coast 

 on the S.W. is the Anguille Range, 

 but no peak is more than 2,000 ft 

 high. The range of hills that runs 

 along by Bonne Bay reaches 3,000 ft 

 St John's is the largest town Port 

 aux Basques is the W. terminus of 

 the rly. which runs across the 

 country. Other principal towns are 



Harbour Grace. Carbonear, Twil- 

 lingato, Bonavista, Grand Bank, 

 Placentia, and Burin, while around 

 the coast, especially on the E. and 

 8., are many fishing village*. 



The town of Grand Falls owes its 

 origin and prosperity to the pulp 

 and paper mills established by 

 the Anglo-Newfoundland Develop- 

 ment Co., of which Viscount North- 

 cliffe and his brother. Viscount 

 rrnere, were the pioneers. 

 Placentia was the capital of the 

 island under the French Govern- 

 ment. Botwood, near the mouth 

 of the Exploits River, is the sum- 

 mer port of the Anglo- Newfound- 

 land Development Co., for shipping 

 their pulp and paper. 



Newfoundland has a remarkable 

 quantity of fresh water, and it is 

 said that over one-third of its 

 surface is covered with lakes and 

 rivers. The longest rivers are the 

 Exploits, number, and Gander. 

 The Exploits rises among the hills 

 of the S.W., and, after flowing 

 through wooded country for 

 about 200 m., falls into the Bay 

 of Exploits, an opening of Notre 

 Dame Bay. On it stands Grand 

 Falls. Thwart Island is the largest 

 of many in its channel The Hum- 

 ber passes through Deer Lake into 

 Bay of Islands. The Gander drains 

 Gander Lake on its way to Hamilton 

 Sound, and all around the island 

 less extensive streams run down to 

 the sea. The largest of several lakes 

 is Grand Lake, 50 m. long, and 

 containing an island 22 m. in length. 



The Gulf Stream has a modifying 

 influence on the climate, helping to 

 make conditions far more temper- 

 ate than on the adjacent mainland. 

 In parts of the country the ther- 

 mometer rarely drops below zero. 

 In the interior as, for instance, at 

 Grand Falls fogs arc unknown. 

 Value of Fisheries 



Newfoundland is first and fore- 

 most a fishing country, although of 

 recent years it has become con- 

 siderably engaged in the manufac- 

 ture and export of pulp, paper, and 

 iron ore, being the second largest 

 producer of iron ore in the empire, 

 Great Britain ranking first There 

 is an unlimited supply of codfish 

 and herring in Newfoundland 

 waters, and great potential value 

 in its fisheries. In 1919-20 the 

 export of dry cod amounted to 

 1,788,015 quintals of 112 lb., with 

 an approximate value of 4,500,000. 

 Among the other fish taken are the 

 lobster, hake, turbot, haddock, sal- 

 mon, trout, halibut, and eel The 

 fishery is prosecuted around the 

 coasts of the island, on the 

 Labrador coast, and on the Banks 

 submarine areas 200 m. from the 

 Newfoundland coast from April 

 to Jan., and on the S. coast of 



