NEWFOUNDLAND 



NEW GUINEA 



18th century, the breed has been 

 further improved, and the conser- 

 vation of its good points by breed- 

 ers is looked after by the New- 

 foundland Club, whose influence 

 has been mostly in favour of a dog 

 wholly black, save for a patch of 

 white, perhaps, on the chest and 

 toes. It is probable, however, that 

 the original colour was white with 

 black head, black saddle mark, and 

 black at the base of the tail. Ac- 

 cording to the standard fixed by 

 the club, the average height at 

 shoulders is 27 his. for a dog, and 

 25 ins. for a bitch ; but there are 

 many existing examples that ex- 

 ceed the average. 



The Newfoundland's coat is flat 

 and dense, rather coarse and oily, 

 and falls back into position when 

 disarranged. The fore-legs are 

 straight and muscular, and the 

 feet large and well shaped. The 

 tail, which reaches below the hocks, 

 is thick, covered with long hair, 

 and slightly curved at the tip. 

 Ears and eyes small, the latter of 

 dark brown colour. His disposition 

 is tractable and affectionate, espe- 

 cially with children. 



The lesser Newfoundland or 

 Labrador dog is all black. From it 

 has sprung by intercrossing the 

 curly-haired black retriever (q.v.). 

 See Dog ; colour plate ; consult 

 also The Twentieth Century Dog, 

 H. E. Compton, 1904. 



Newfoundland Regiment. Unit 

 raised for service in the Great 

 War. Formed in Aug., 1914, of 

 volunteers with - 

 out previous 

 military experi- 

 ence, after a 

 period of train- 

 ing it went to 

 England, thence 

 to Gallipoli, in 

 1915, where it 

 was attached to 

 the 29th divi- 

 sion, and later fought in France, in 



Newfoundland 

 Regiment badge 



Newfoundland Dog. Champion Gipsy, 

 a prize specimen of the breed 



Feb., 1918. King George granted 

 it the title of royal, the first such 

 grant made to a regiment in the 

 Great War. 



Newgate. Former gaol in the 

 city of London. A gaol stood on 

 the same site for almost 1,000 years, 

 and records go back to the time of 

 King John. The prison was then in 

 the gate house, i.e. New Gate, as 

 was the rule in medieval times. 



A new prison was begun in 1420, 

 burnt down in 1666, rebuilt upon 

 the same lines, and again rebuilt 

 1778-80, only to be partly de- 

 stroyed by fire during the Gordon 

 Riots, 1780. Reconstructed in 

 1857, the gaol was taken over by 

 the government from the city 

 authorities in 1877 ; three years 

 later ceased to be a place of de- 

 tention, and in 1903-4 was demol- 

 ished, its site being now occupied 



Newgate, London. The old gaol, from the church oi 

 Sepulchre, showing corner of Newgate Street and the 

 Old Bailey, from a print of 1800. Top, right , New Gate 

 a 17th century view of the city gate which once served 

 as a prison 



by the Central 

 Criminal Court. 



In 1783 the 

 public gallows 

 were removed 

 from Tyburn to 

 the outside of 

 Newgate, and 

 there executions 

 took place until 

 1868, when an 

 Act was passed 

 ordering all hang- 

 ings to be carried 



out within the walls of prisons. 

 The last man to be hanged in front 

 of Newgate was the Fenian, Michael 

 Barrett, May 26, 1868, and the last 

 criminals executed within its walls 

 were Millsom and Fowler, 1896. 

 Vast crowds used to assemble to see 

 the executions, large sums being 

 paid for seats to view, while danc- 

 ing and drinking orgies were com- 

 mon. See Central Criminal Court ; 

 Old Bailey ; consult also Chronicles 

 of Newgate, A. Griffith, 1884 ; The 

 Old Bailey and Newgate, C. Gordon, 

 1902; Trials from the Newgate 

 Calendar, 1907. 



New Glasgow. Town of Nova 

 Scotia, Canada. It stands on the 

 East river, 105 m. from Halifax, 

 and 3 m. from the coast at Pictou 

 Harbour. There are large coal 

 mines in the neighbourhood, and 

 the industries include iron and 

 steel works, a car company, and 

 works for making bricks, tools, etc. 

 A short rly. carries the coal for 

 export to Pictou landing, where it 

 is shipped. Pop. 6,400. 



New Goa OB PANJIM. Capital 

 of the Portuguese possessions in 

 India. Known also as Nova Goa, 

 it is the seat of a R.C. archbishop, 

 and is on the W. coast of the 

 Deccan. Pop. 9 ; 300. 



New grange Monuments. 

 Bronze-age cemetery of 17 grave- 

 mounds in the Boyne valley, co. 

 Meath, Ireland. At Newgrange a 

 round cairn, 315 ft. across, 70 ft. 

 high, has a megalithic retaining 

 wall, and a stone circle of 12 

 once 30 menhirs. A 63 -ft. gallery 

 leads to a corbelled chamber with 

 three side-cells. Spiral and other 

 designs suggest Aegean influence ; 

 some probably represent a female 

 divinity. See Maes ho we. 



New Guinea. Island of the 

 Pacific Ocean, in the East Indian 

 Archipelago. Physically it belongs 

 to the festoon oT islands which 

 parallels the Australian E. coast, 

 and includes New Caledonia and 

 New Zealand. The fauna and flora 

 are distinctly Australian in type, 

 but the natives are neither Asiatic 

 nor Australian, being akin to the 

 Melanesians of the neighbouring 

 South Sea Islands. Its area is about 

 300 ; 000sq. m. 



Politically the island is Dutch in 

 the W. and British in the E. ; 

 the Dutch section is administered 

 in connexion with the Moluccas ; 

 the British section is Australian, 

 the S.E. being the territory of 

 Papua, and the N.E. the former 

 German New Guinea now joined 

 to Australia by mandate. 

 Dutch New Guinea comprises 

 more than half of the island. The 

 early voyages of the captains of the 

 Dutch East India Co. led to an 

 imperfect knowledge of the coast, 



