NEWSPAPER 



5718 



NEWSTEAD ABBEY 



noteworthy success of this period 

 was The War Illustrated, which, 

 first at twopence and later at three- 

 pence, secured and maintained a 

 great circulation. It filled a place 

 midway between the penny picture 

 papers and the expensive weekly 

 pictorials. 



The influence of the Great War 

 on the press of Great Britain was 

 remarkable. Circulations bounded 

 up, even though the price of every 

 paper was doubled or raised higher 

 still. From the business point of 

 view there were few changes, ex- 

 cept that the relative strength of 

 mass journalism was greatly in- 

 creased at the expense of the more 

 conservative style of paper. As the 

 power of Parliament waned, the 

 influence of the press on public 

 opinion became practically su- 

 preme, and measures necessary to 

 success in the war were carried out 

 by the pressure of public opinion as 

 controlled by the press. The crucial 

 issues of conscription, the control 

 of food prices and rationing, and the 

 great question of the supreme uni- 

 fied command, were all matters in 

 which the press went ahead of 

 public opinion, and educated it 

 to a point where action could be 

 taken. 



Revenues from Advertising 



It is often forgotten that the 

 power of the press, in the Anglo- 

 Saxon world at any rate, is drawn 

 from the immense revenues de- 

 rived from advertising. This has 

 given to organs of large circulation 

 a wealth and power not found in 

 the newspapers of other countries, 

 with perhaps the sole exception of 

 Argentina. These great revenues 

 make possible expensive editorial 

 staffs and vast organizations for 

 the reporting and collection of news, 

 which place the British and Ameri- 

 can press far ahead of that of the 

 rest of the world. 



The collection of news has be- 

 come a matter of so much expense 

 that this form of property ought to 

 be protected under the shield of 

 common law like other property 

 which has been created by enter- 

 prise and expenditure. Yet in 

 Great Britain news proper cannot 

 be protected by copyright, and is 

 considered to be the property of 

 the public directly it has been pro- 

 mulgated in any way. In the U. S. A . 

 the question of property or copy- 

 right in news remained an open one 

 until the beginning of 1919, when 

 the Supreme Court held that the 

 expense and enterprise required for 

 the collection of news systematic- 

 ally by elaborate organizations 

 constituted a form of property, 

 which deserved protection even if 

 copyright was not expressly se- 

 cured to cover it. 



Few trades have been the sub- 

 ject of such ingenious mechanical 

 inventions as have been at the 

 service of newspapers. The most 

 important of these are the rotary 

 press, enabling thousands of papers 

 to be printed in a few minutes ; the 

 construction of circular stereotype 

 cylinders to take the place of type ; 

 the invention of the late news or 

 stop press device, enabling small 

 items of news to be slipped into a 

 vacant space even after the main 

 sheets have gone to press, and, 

 finally, the mechanical setting or 

 composing of type by linotype and 

 monotype. 



Anglo-Saxon Predominance 



Besides the daily and popular 

 weekly press, there are in all 

 countries technical and special 

 newspapers of importance. In 

 France and Italy purely literary 

 reviews and organs of criticism of 

 art and music hold a higher place 

 than they do in the United King- 

 dom or in the U.S.A., and in 

 Germany and France there is a 

 scientific press which is distin- 

 guished by a very high standard of 

 learning. Owing, however, to the 

 enormous predominance of the 

 English language, the Anglo-Saxon 

 world has weekly, monthly, and 

 quarterly organs of great weight 

 and influence which have reached 

 an international importance. Or- 

 gans such as The North American 

 Review, The Hibbert Journal, 

 The Spectator, and Punch are 

 common to the British Empire and 

 the American nation. 



In the technical press America 

 holds a superior position through 

 the large numbers and splendid 

 equipment of its weekly organs, 

 but Britain has one or two of 

 acknowledged eminence, such as 

 The Engineer and Engineering. 

 In illustrated journalism we must 

 not forget that the most brilliant 

 black-and-white artist of his genera- 

 tion, Phil May, practised his art 

 and acquired his fame in Australia. 

 In giant weeklies America and the 

 United Kingdom are about equal, 

 and Collier's Weekly, The Ladies' 

 Home Journal, The Illustrated 

 London News, The Graphic, and 

 The Queen can be placed side by 

 side. 



There are said to be more than 

 60,000 daily and weekly news- 

 papers in the world. Of these 

 23,000 are published in the U.S.A., 

 and 13,000 in the British Empire. 

 In Jan., 1921, according to Mit- 

 chell's Newspaper Directory, there 

 were 2,261 newspapers in the U.K. : 

 in London 440, including 25 

 morning and 1 evening dailies ; 

 in the English and Welsh provinces 

 1,394, of which 43 were morning 

 and 83 evening dailies ; Scotland, 



236, including 9 morning and 10 

 evening dailies ; Ireland, 177, of 

 which 10 were morning and 6 

 evening dailies ; British Isles, 14, 

 of which 5 were dailies. 



Bibliography. History of Irish 

 Periodical Literature, R. R. Madden, 

 1867 ; The Newspaper Press, 1871, 

 and The Metropolitan Weekly and 

 Provincial Press, 1872, J. Grant; 

 Journalistic London, J. Hatton, 

 1882 ; Then and Now, or Fifty Years 

 of Newspaper Work, W. Hunt, 

 1887 ; The Newspaper World, A. 

 Baker, 1890 ; The London Daily 

 Press, H. W. Massingham, 1892 ; 

 Shepherd Smith, W. A. Smith, 1892 ; 

 A Journalist's Notebook, F. F. 

 Moore, 1894 ; Modern Journalism, 

 J. B. Mackie, 1894 ; The Art of News- 

 paper Making, C. A. Dana, 1895 ; 

 Historical Value of Newspapers, J. 

 B. Chaney, 1898 ; The New York 

 Press and Its Makers in the 18th 

 Century, C. M. & B. E. Martin, 

 1898 ; Autobiography of a News- 

 paper Girl, E. L. Banks, 1902; Short 

 History of the Printing Press, R. Hoe, 

 1902 ; The Unreformed House of 

 Commons, E. P. & A. G. Porritt, 

 1903 ; Fifty Years of Fleet Street, F. 

 M. Thomas, 1904 ; Sixty Years of 

 Journalism, H. F. Bussey, 1906 ; 

 Notes by the Way, J. C. Francis, 

 1909 ; The American Newspaper, 

 J. E. Rogers, 1909; The Newspaper, 

 G. B. Dibblee, 1913; Adventures of 

 a Newspaper Man, F. Dilnot, 1913; 

 Bohemian Days in Fleet Street, 

 1913 ; The Press and Its Story, J. 

 D. Symon, 1914 ; Tercentenary 

 Handlist of English and Welsh 

 newspapers, magazines, and reviews, 

 London, suburban, and provincial, 

 1620-1920, pub. by The Times, 

 1920; The Mystery of The Daily 

 Mail, F. A. McKenzie, 1921 ; bul- 

 letins of the schools of journalism 

 attached to the Columbia and 

 Missouri Universities ; biographies 

 of eminent journalists ; and bibli- 

 ography to article on Journalism. 



Newspaper Press Fund. 



British institution for the assist- 

 ance of necessitous members of the 

 literary staffs of newspapers who 

 have become its members, and of 

 their widows and orphans. Incor- 

 porated in 1890, it is administered 

 by a council of 18 working journal- 

 ists, assisted by district commit- 

 tees in all parts of the United 

 Kingdom. To Dec., 1913, the sum 

 of 88,555 had been distributed in 

 grants and pensions. A proportion 

 of the income from donations is 

 distributed to non-members. The 

 names of recipients are not pub- 

 lished. The offices are at 11, 

 Garrick Street, London, W.C. 



Newstead Abbey. Residence in 

 Nottinghamshire, formerly the 

 seat of Lord Byron. It is 8 m. 

 from Nottingham. An Augustinian 

 priory was founded here in 1170, 

 and at the dissolution of the 

 monasteries the lands passed to the 

 family of Byron. It was made into 

 a residence, and was the seat of 



