NEWSVENDOR 



3719 



NEWTON 



..runs until 1818, when it 

 wu sold to Col. YVildman, who 

 improved the house a good deal. 

 ()( i In- original abbey the cloister 

 -iMi;e. uitli the refectory and 

 i'lia|.tcr house, iinil the \V front 

 of the i-huivli remain. In 1021 the 

 sale of Byron's personal belong- 

 ings ended tin- family's association 

 \\iili Newstead. The Leen rises 

 within tlm park. The village of 

 Newstead is a coal-mining centre 

 uiili ii slut ion on the Mid. Illy. See 

 Byron ; Hucknall Torkard. 



Newsvendor. One who sells 

 or ili-triliiites newspapers. An al- 

 ternative term Is newsagent. The 

 former word is adopted by the News- 

 vomlors' Benevolent ana Provident 

 Institution of the United Kingdom, 

 founded in 1839, which has its 

 offices at 16, Farringdon Street, 

 London, E.G. ; the latter by the 

 organ of the newspaper distributing 

 trade, The Newsagent, Booksellers 

 Review, and Stationers' Gazette, 

 established in 1889. 



Newt OR EFT (Molge). Genus of 

 small, tailed Batrachians, of which 

 Great Britain possesses three 

 species, the common newt, the 

 crested newt, and the palmate newt. 

 The common newt is found in most 

 clear ponds, is slightly over three 

 ins. long, has a smooth skin, and is 

 brown with darker marks on the 

 upper parts, and spotted with black 

 on the yellowish under parts. The 

 male has a high frill extending 

 from the top of the head to the 

 end of tho tail. It is- much more 

 common than the crested newt, 

 which is nearly twice its size. This 

 species has a warty skin, is dark 

 brown on the back with black spots, 

 has irregular white spots on the 

 sides, and has orange under parts 

 with black spots or patches. It 

 is readily recognized by the fine 

 serrated crest of the male. The 

 palmate newt seldom exceeds three 

 ins. in length. The hind toes in the 

 male are webbed, and it is olive 

 brown on the upper parts, with 

 black spots ; the crests are nearly 

 black ; and there is an orange 

 band in the middle of the under 

 side. 



Newts spend a great part of their 

 time on land, where they lurk 

 among grass and moss under stones 

 and in holes, usually hibernating in 

 such situations. But at the breed- 

 ing season in spring they are 

 always found in the water, the eggs 

 being deposited singly on the 

 leaves of water plants, the edges of 

 which are folded over them. The 

 egg hatches out as a tadpole, and 

 the course of its development is 

 similar to 'that of the frog. At 

 first it has external gills and no 

 legs ; but in about three weeks the 

 fore limbs are developed, and by 



the autumn the metamorphosis is 

 complete. The newt ha* now four 

 limbs, the external gills have dis- 

 appeared, and it breathes air by 

 means of lungs. 



Newt* are carnivorous, feeding 

 upon tadpoles, worms, and inflects. 

 The common newt ii the on'.y 

 species found in Ireland. 



New Testament. Name given 

 to the collection of bookn in tin- 

 Bible which contain accounts of 

 the life and teaching of Jesus 

 Christ, the beginnings of Chris- 

 ti.inity, and the faith of the early 

 Church. Those books were written 

 to meet the needs of the Christians 

 of the first century, and it was a 

 considerable time before they were 

 added to the canon of Scripture. 



During the lifetime of the 

 apostles and contemporaries of 

 Christ, little importance was at- 

 tached to the books in comparison 

 with the testimony of the actual 

 witnesses of the events. Even 

 as late as 135, Papias of Hierapolis 

 says, " I did not think that I 

 could get so much profit from the 

 contents of books as from the ut- 

 terance of a living and abiding 

 voice." It was not until about A.D. 

 150 that the term " scripture " 

 was applied to any of the writings 

 of the New Testament ; after that 

 date the advance was rapid. Mai - 

 cion the Gnostic was the first to 

 construct a canon of the N.T. 

 consisting of the gospel of Luke (in 

 an expurgated form) and ten epis- 

 tles of S. Paul. Tatian's Diatea- 

 saron or Harmony of the Four 

 Gospels (A.D. 165) is a proof of the 

 high esteem in which the gospels 

 were held in his time. 



Newt. 1. Hale ol smooth newt, 

 Molge vulgaris. 2. Underside o! 

 male British palmate newt, M. 

 palmata. 3. Female and, 4, male 

 ol (treat water newt, M. crisUU 



The Muratorian fragment of A.D. 

 170 is the first attempt on the part 

 of Catholic Christianity to con- 

 struct a New Testament. It men- 

 tions either by actual statement 

 or inference all the books of the 

 N.T. with the exception of James, 

 Hebrews, and 2 Peter. By the 

 year 200 the majority of the docu- 

 ments in the N.T. bad secured 

 universal recognition in the whole 

 of Christendom. The Western 

 Cliunh, however, rejected James 

 and Hebrews, and the Eastern 

 Church 2 and 3 John and Jude, 

 while 2 Peter had not as yet won 

 recognition at all. Some doubt, too, 

 was expressed about the Apo- 

 calypse. Certain sections of the 

 Church were anxious to include 

 in the N.I such books as the 

 Epistle of Clement, the Didache, 

 the Shepherd of Hennas, etc. 



The controversy with regard to 

 the disputed books continued for 

 over a century, and it was not until 

 the fourth century that the matter 

 was finally settled. Athanasius 

 was the first great writer to use 

 a N.T. identical with the present, 

 and it was largely due to the in- 

 fluence of Augustine that this 

 arrangement received the authori- 

 tative sanction of the Church at 

 the synods of Hippo. 393, and 

 Carthage, 397. See Bible ; John ; 

 Luke ; Matthew, etc. 



Bibliography. Biblical Essays, 

 J. B. Lightfoot, 1893 ; General 

 Survey of the History of the Canon 

 of the New Testament, H. F. West- 

 cott, 7th ed. 1896 ; New Trans- 

 lation of the New Testament, J. 

 Moffat, 2nd ed. 1901 ; The Canon 

 and Text of the New Testament, 

 G. R. Gregory, 1907 ; A Critical 

 Introduction to the New Testament, 

 A. S. Peake, 1909 ; Introduction to 

 the Literature of the New Testa- 

 ment, J. Moffat, 1911; The Text and 

 Canon of the New Testament, A. 



Sou tor. 1913. 



Newton. District of Hyde, 

 Cheshire. It is 7 m. S.E. of Man- 

 chester, with a station on the 

 G.C. Rly. Cotton is the chief manu- 

 facture. Another Newton in 

 Cheshire is part of the urban dist. 

 of Middlewich, and there are in 

 England a number of villages of 

 this name. One is near Wisbech, in 

 Cambridgeshire, and another, in 

 the Isle of Wight, is noted for its 

 oysters. 



Newton. City of Massachusetts, 

 U.S.A., in Middlesex co. Situated 

 on elevated ground on Charles 

 river, close to Boston, it is served 

 by the Boston and Albany Rly. 

 Alanufactures include worsted, silk, 

 machine-shop products, cord, and 

 rubber articles. Newton was settled 

 in 1631, and incorporated under 

 the name of Cambridge in ItiSS. It 

 received its present name in 1692, 

 becomingacityinl873. Pop. 46,100. 



