NEWTON 



5721 



NEWTON GRENADE 



Newton's work on mechanics and 



MOM m even more important, 



for it profoundly affected the ideas 



of in. -ii al>.. ut i he universe. He 



uitli a discussion on the 



It* of mechanics, and pro- 

 ceeded to treat the nn >t ion >f bodies 



space in kiu>un orbits or 

 rtioii of known forces, 

 moerauBtng the law of attraction 

 the statement that every par- 



matter attracts every other 

 it n-le with a force var \ 



ly as the product of their masses and 

 inversely as the square of the dis- 

 taiii-i- !.<( \\i-rn tin-in. Thus gravita- 

 tion was brought into the domain of 

 . but what caused it Newton 

 did not profess to know ; and here, 

 as in his theory of light, it was his 

 object to present the theory free 

 from speculation as to the mechan- 

 ism that produced the phenomena. 

 Having investigated the general 

 theory, Newton applied the results 

 to the chief phenomena of the 

 solar system, and showed that the 

 facts then known about it and, in 

 particular, the path of the moon 

 with its various inequalities, the 

 figure of the earth, and the motion 

 of the tides, accorded with the 

 theory. He prefaced these appli- 

 cations of the theory with four 

 rules which should guide scientific 

 iiii-n in making hypotheses ; these 

 are now universally accepted, and 

 his formal enunciation of them is a 

 landmark in the history of physics. 

 Bibliography. Correspondence of 

 Newton and Cotes, ed. J. Edleston, 

 1850 ; Life, D. Brewster, rev. W. T. 

 Lynn, 1875; Bibliography of the 

 Works of Newton, G. T. Gray, 2nd 

 ed. 1907 ; A Short History of Mathe- 

 matics, W. W. Rouse Ball. 6th ed. 

 1915; and the article on Newton by 

 Sir K. Glazebrook in Dictionary of 

 National Biography. 



Newton, JOHN (1725-1807). 

 English divine. Born in London, 

 July 24, 1725, son of a shipmaster, 

 he had a 

 varied career 

 at sea, and was 

 ordainedin 

 1764, For a 

 time curate at 

 Olney, he be- 

 came in 1780 

 rector of S. 

 Mary Wol- 



Jobn Newton, nooth, Lon- 

 Englisb divine don. He was 



Af,.rJKu,..ll.K.A. a f^nd of 



Cowper, who contributed to his 

 Olney Hymns, 1779. He helped 

 Wilberforce in the campaign against 

 the slave trade, and was a Calvin- 

 istic force in the Evangelical move- 

 ment. Of his hymns, Glorious things 

 of Thee are spoken and How sweet 

 tin n une of Jesus sounds are found 

 in most hymnals. He died Dec. 21 , 

 1807. 



Newton, RICHARD (1676-1753). 



.IIMM.-. Horn Nov. 8, 1676, 

 .ui.l xlucated at Westminster and 

 Christ Church, Oxford, he was 



I in I TU|. Six yean later 

 be became i>riwi|>al of Hurt Hull, 

 Oxford, and immediately devoted 

 himself to cnUiym;.' tin- l.tjililm^. 

 and establishing it M a college pre- 

 paratory for tin r in 1740 

 the Hall was granted a charter as 

 Hi-rtfurd College, with Newton an 

 first principal. His chief aim was 

 such economy as should (> m,r 

 young men of slender means to 

 qualify for the Church. Newton 

 was a good classical scholar and 

 linguist, and translated the Charac- 

 ters of Theophrastus. He died 

 April 21, 1753. Ste Hertford College. 

 Newton, ROBERT (1780-1854). 

 Wesleyan minister. Born at 

 Roxby, Yorkshire, Sept. 8, 1780, 

 he took to preaching as a young 

 man, and entered the ministry in 

 1812. His forty years' labours 

 were in London, Liverpool, Man- 

 chester, and Leeds, but he was 

 constantly travelling and preach- 

 ing, proving a successful collector 

 of funds for missionary and charit- 

 able purposes. Four times presi- 

 dent of the Wesleyan conference, 

 in 1840 he went to the U.S.A. to 

 represent the British conferences. 

 He died April 30, 1854, Few 

 preachers of his time exercised 

 greater influence for good. A 

 selection of his sermons was pub- 

 lished in 1858. 



Newton, THOMAS (1704-82). 

 British divine. Born at Lichfield, 

 Jan. 1, 1704, he graduated at 

 Trinity College, Cambridge, in 

 1726, and four years later was 

 ordained. Acquiring some repu- 

 tation in London as a preacher, 

 he became chaplain to the earl 

 of Bath in 1742, and, dabbling in 

 literature, brought out an edition 

 of Milton's works, 1749-52. In 

 1756 he was appointed a royal 

 chaplain, and, after six years, 

 bishop of Bristol, being made dean 

 of S. Paul's in 1768. He died Feb. 

 14, 1782. In addition to his Milton, 

 Newton published an autobio- 

 graphy, sermons, poems, and a 

 Dissertation on the Prophecies, 

 which Johnson described as Tom's 

 great work." He was intimate 

 \\\\\\ the Johnson circle. 



Newton, SIB WILLIAM JOHN 

 (1785-1869). Hritish artist. The 

 son of James Newton, an engraver, 

 he himself became an engraver. 

 Soon, however, he became a painter 

 of miniatured, quickly making a 

 reputation. He was made minia- 

 ture painter to the court and painted 

 some large historical group pic- 

 tures for Queen Victoria. Kniuhtcd 

 ;7. he died in London, Jan. 

 22, 1869. 



Newton Abbot. Urban dist. 

 and market town of Devonshire, 

 England. It is 20 m. from Kxeter, 



Newton Abbot. Devonihir 



ol S. Leonard'!, the partib 



in the foreground it the i 



now lurmounted by lamp-poet. 



from which the flnt declaration ol 



William m wai read, HOT. 3, 1688 



and is served by the G.W. RJ7-. 

 on which line it is a junction. The 

 town stands amid beautiful scenery 

 at the head of navigation of the 

 Teign estuary. The chief buildings 

 are the churches of S. Mary, Wol- 

 borough, and All Saints, Highweek, 

 both Perpendicular. The industries 

 include brewing, tanning, and the 

 manufacture of pottery ; there are 

 railway workshops. An important 

 horse and cattle fair is held an- 

 nually. In the centre of the town 

 is the tower of S. Leonard's Church, 

 near which William of Orange's first 

 declaration was read, 1688. Forde 

 House, a Tudor residence, was 

 visited by Charles I and William. 

 Newton Abbot comprises what, in 

 the Middle Ages, were two distinct 

 places: Newton Abbot, the property 

 of the abbot of Tor, and Newton 

 Bushel, the property of the family of 

 Bushel Market day, Wed. Pop. 

 13,700. 



Newton Grenade. High 

 explosive grenade made in two 

 patterns, one for use from the 

 rifle, and the other to be thrown by 

 hand. The hand grenade consists 

 of a segmented cast-iron, pear- 

 shaped body filled with ammonal 

 The igniter is a cut-down rifle 

 cartridge, into which one end of a 

 short length of safety-fuse is fitted, 

 the other end being crimped to a 

 commercial detonator embedded 

 in the explosive charge. When 

 required for use, the cap of the 

 grenade is struck a sharp blow and 

 the grenade immediately thrown, 

 exploding in about 41 sees. The 

 missile complete weighs 1 Ib, 5 or. 

 Its simple construction mad* it 



