NEWTON HEATH 



5722 



NEW YEAR'S DAY 



Newton-in-Maker- 



field urban district 



seal 



a popular model during the 

 earlier stages of the Great War, 

 but it was largely displaced by the 

 Mills bomb (?..) Tne rine 

 grenade is of similar general con- 

 struction, weighs 1 lb., and is 

 charged with ammonal Into the 

 base of the grenade is screwed a 

 steel rod 18 ins. long to fit the 

 rifle barrel. 



Newton Heath. Suburb of 

 Manchester. It lies to the N.E. of 

 the city proper, and is served by 

 the L. & Y. Rly. and by tram- 

 ways. The industries include the 

 making of cotton goods, chemicals, 

 etc. See Manchester. 



Newton-in-Makerfield. Ur- 

 ban dist. of Lancashire, also known 

 as Newton-le- Willows. It is 16 m. 

 from Manchester, 

 and is served by 

 the L. & N.W. 

 Ely., being a rly. 

 junction. .The 

 industries in- 

 clude railway 

 shops, ironfound- 

 ing, and the 

 making of sugar, 

 glass, and paper. 

 Around are coal 

 mines. A race 

 meeting is held 

 annually, as are cattle fairs. The 

 urban dist. includes Earlestown. 

 Newton gave its name to one of 

 the Lancashire hundreds, and, al- 

 though never a chartered town, was 

 represented in Parliament by two 

 members, 1559-1832. Pop. 18,400. 

 Newton's Rings. In optics, a 

 phenomenon which becomes per- 

 ceptible when a convex lens is 

 pressed on a flat piece of glass. 

 Round the point where the lens 

 touches the glass plane, a series 

 of coloured rings appears. They are 

 produced by the interference of 

 light waves with one another across 

 the thin film of air enclosed be- 

 tween the two glass surfaces ; and 

 appear whether the light is trans- 

 mitted or reflected. If the upper 

 lens can be screwed or pressed 

 tighter down on to the one below, 

 so as to alter the thickness of the 

 air film, the rainbow rings will be 

 seen to move and to change colour. 

 They were described by Sir Isaac 

 Newton in 1675. 



Newton Stewart. Police burgh 

 and market town of Scotland. It 

 is mainly in Wigtownshire, but 

 partly (one suburb) in Kirkcud- 

 brightshire. It is on the river 

 Cree, 30 m. W. of Castle Douglas on 

 the Portpatrick and Wigtownshire 

 Joint Rly. Woollens are manufac- 

 tured. Market day, Fri. Pop. 2,100. 

 Newtown (Welsh, Trenewydd). 

 Urban dist. and market town 

 of Montgomeryshire, Wales. It 

 stands on the Severn, 7 m. W.S.W. 



Striker 

 Spring Cap 



Cut down Rifle 

 Cartridge used 

 as igniter 



f ety Fuse 



Detonator 



Striker 

 SafetyPin 

 Spring Cap 



Spring Shock 

 " Absorber 



Rifle Cartridge 

 -with Commercial 

 Detonator inside 



, , Ammonal 



"'''"W \ Bursting Charge 

 7 I Grooved Cast- 



Ammonal 

 Bursting Charge 



Grooved Cast- 

 "iron Body 



Copper Cup acting 

 -of a Gas Check 



Newton Grenade. Sectional diagrams showing, on left, 

 construction of band grenade, and, right, rifle grenade 



J 



iron Body 



of Montgomery, on the Cambrian 

 Rly. and the Montgomeryshire 

 Canal. It is the principal seat of 

 the Welsh flannel industry, and 

 manufactures tweeds and shawls. 

 The council supplies gas and water. 

 Market day, Tues. Pop. 6,100. 



Newtown. Suburb of Sydney, 

 New South Wales. Largely an 

 industrial centre, it has biscuit 

 manufactures and ironworks, and 

 contains also the university build- 

 ings and colleges 



Newtown. Town in Bucking- 

 ham co., Tasmania. It is situated 

 on the estuary of the Derwent, 3 

 m. north of Hobart. Pop. 3,400. 

 Newtown. Town in Grant co., 

 Victoria, Australia. It is 93 m. by 

 rail from Melbourne, in the Bal- 

 larat district. Pop. 5,900 



Newtownards. Market town, 

 co. Down, Ireland. It is 1 m. from 

 the head of Strangford Lough and 



m m 14 m. by rail E. of 



"" Belfast on the Bel- 

 fast and County 

 Down Rly. The 

 chief buildings are 

 the town hall, par- 

 ish church, a fine 

 cruciform build- 

 ing, and other 

 churches. Of the 

 old church, the 

 nave, tower, and an aisle still stand. 

 The industries are linen and muslin 

 manufacture, flax-spinning, and 

 market-gardening. Markets and 

 fairs are held here. Market day, 

 Sat. Pop. 12,000. 



Newtown Stewart. Market 

 town, co. Tyrone, Ireland. It 

 stands on the river Mourne, 24 m. 

 by rail S.E. of Londonderry on the 

 G.N. of I.R The town was granted 

 to William Stewart, after whom it 

 was named, by Charles I ; the 

 castle was dismantled, and the 



town burned 

 down by James 

 II. Linen weav- 

 ing is carried 

 on. Market day, 

 Mon. Pop. 1,000. 

 New Ulm. 

 City of Minne- 

 sota, U.S.A., 

 the co. seat of 

 Brown co. It 

 stands on the 

 right bank of 

 the Minnesota 

 river, 87 m. 

 S.W. of St. 

 Paul, and is 

 served by the 

 Minneapolis 

 and St. Louis 

 and the Chi- 

 cago and North 

 Western rlys. 

 Stock - rearing 

 and agriculture 



Newtownards 

 arms 



are extensively engaged in locally, 

 and the city has grain elevators and 

 marble works, and manufactures 

 cigars, flour, bricks, machine-shop 

 products, and shirts. New Ulm was 

 settled in 1854 and incorporated 

 hi 1876. Pop 6,700. 



New Westminster. Town of 

 British Columbia. It is 80 m. from 

 Victoria on the Canadian Pacific 

 and local rlys., and stands on the 

 Eraser river, here about a mile 

 wide, 15 m. above the mouth, at 

 the head of the delta. Its chief 

 industries are salmon -canning and 

 the dressing and shipping of tim- 

 ber. Founded in 1858 by Colonel 

 Moody, it was, before the union 

 with the rest of Canada, the capital 

 of the mainland. Pop. 13,200. 



New Year's Day. First day of 

 the year. The ancient Attic year 

 began with the new moon after 

 June 21, and the Romans began 

 their year on March ]. The 

 beginning of the Roman year was 

 changed by Julius Caesar to Jan. 1. 

 In England the Anglo-Saxon year 

 began with Dec. 25 ; this was 

 altered at the Conquest to Jan. 1. 



In the Middle Ages the Christian 

 year began generally on March 25 

 until the adoption by Catholic 

 nations of the Gregorian calendar 

 of 1582, by England not till 1752, 

 when Jan. 1 became New Year's 

 Day. Among customs observed on 

 New Year's Eve and Day in Eng- 

 land, Scotland, and elsewhere may 

 be mentioned the ringing of the 

 church bells at midnight, and Hog- 

 manay (q.v.). In Scotland and 

 parts of England " first footing " 

 survives ; the first person who 

 enters the house on New Year's 

 Eve brings good luck according 

 as, in different localities, he is light 

 or dark haired. New Year's gifts 

 are a survival of Roman custom. 



