NEW ZEALAND 



5729 



NEW ZEALAND 



i>ats, and l.ail 

 f..i lix-.il rniisiiiii|itinii. Kami ;_'ilin 



111 tin- \ti.-l.l in. I |.. tuii-nl i, 

 plioiininm it leathered from both 

 \\ilil mid cultivated plants, timlwr 



from tin- f>n-st-<, an. i 

 \\itli tin- animal prod net . niiike up 

 tllf chief ex port x. except t 



and L'old. ( 'oal H iniiirit on the \\ . 

 of S.I., mid pilii in the 

 Thames peiiinxula. In tin- \ alley 

 of (lie Cluthii. alluviiil gold is 

 dredged; New Zealandcrs \\,-r<- the 

 pioneers in constructing di. 

 suitable for sneli work, ('oniiiinni- 

 cation is maintained by a growing 

 rly. system connecting the chief 

 towns and supplemented by a 

 coastal steamer service. The 

 principal exports are wool, frozen 

 meat, butter, cheese, tallow, hi. I.--, 

 skins, and phormium flax and tow. 

 Three-quarters of the total exports 

 are to Britain. More than a 

 quarter of the imports consists of 

 articles for personal wear, textile-. 

 hosiery, boots, and shoes ; metal 

 goods, including motor-cars, and 

 oils come next in order. The 

 United Kingdom, Australia, and 

 U.S.A. supply most of the imports. 

 The Dominion, officially a colony 

 1840-1907, is governed by a 

 governor-general and a general 

 assembly, consisting of a legis- 

 lative council of 37 paid members 

 and a house of 80 paid representa- 

 tives, upon a system of constitu- 

 tional cabinet government. 



Experiments in State Socialism 



New Zealand early became noted 

 for legal enactments of the nature 

 of experiments in state socialism. 

 The Public Trust office was estab- 

 lished in 1872, three years earlier a 

 Government Annuities and Life 

 Insurance office was inaugurated ; a 

 fire department was added later. 

 The use of the Government tele- 

 phone is almost universal. Govern- 

 ment depots sell coal obtained 

 from government mines and carried 

 by state railways. Maternity and 

 other hospitals are government in- 

 stitutions. Old-age pensions have 

 been granted since 1898. Labour 

 legislation began with the Employ- 

 ment of Females Act of 1873, which 

 established an 8-hour day for wo- 

 men. Since 1891 all factory 1 ill. HIT 

 has been controlled, sweating abo- 

 lished, and minimum wages -deter- 

 mined. In addition a system of in- 

 dustrial conciliation and arbitration 

 has been developed. Compulsory 

 acquisition of land for closer settle- 

 ment has been possible since 1892. 



The pop. numbers 1,320,000; 

 Auckland, 158,000, is the largest 

 town ; only Wellington, Christ- 

 church, and Dunedin in addition 

 have more than 50,000 inhabitants ; 

 no other town contains 20,000 

 people. Five p.c. of the people are 



o c 



M of 



the IIIOMt illtelll 



L'ent native race* 



of tl 



Kmpire. 

 New Zealand 



U .1 -. ill-. o\. -led 



I'v Tatunan in 

 Hill.': he named 

 Maria van 

 I'M men. Tho 

 ne\t Kuropean 

 visitor was C'apt. 

 Cook, who came 

 in 17110. 177H, 

 1774, and 1777. 

 Iliiti-li. Fn-neh, 

 and Spanish ships 

 arrived during 

 the next i'u 

 yearn. In 1815 

 the first mission 

 was established 

 in the Bay, of 

 Islands. The 

 first attempt at 

 colonisation, was 

 made in 1825, 

 but failed. In 

 1840 Wellington 

 was founded, and 

 Capt. 1 1 o 1 1 s o 1 1 



proclaimed the sovereignty of 

 Queen Victoria. Other settlements, 

 Auckland, Nelson, etc., followed 

 during the next decade 



The most important subsequent 

 events were the Maori Wars, 1860- 

 70, the discovery of gold in 1867, 

 and the adoption of refrigeration. 



THE GREAT WAR. During the 

 Great War the Dominion furnished 

 91,914 volunteer troops and 32,270 

 conscript troops, making a total 

 force of 124,184. In Aug., 1914, a 

 New Zealand force, acting in con- 

 junction with British and Aus- 

 tralian warships, seized German 

 Samoa, which was garrisoned 

 throughout the war by New Zea- 

 land troops. On Oct. 16, 1914, the 

 New Zealand expeditionary force 

 of 8,061 of all ranks, sailed for 

 Egypt. After a period of training 

 in Egypt, during which it helped 

 to defend the Suez Canal, the force 

 went to C al li pnl i, April, 1915, and 

 along with the Australians the 

 combined force known as the 

 Anzacs took part in the landing 

 at Anzac Cove and in many sub- 

 sequent operations. After the 

 withdrawal the New Zealand force 

 returned to Egypt. There it was 

 n/.ed and reinforced, and as 

 a division went to Franco in April, 

 1916. The Mounted Rifles bri-ade 

 remained in Egypt as part of the 

 Anzac Mounted division, which 

 distinguished itself against the 

 Turks in Sinai and Palestine. 



The N.Z. division took part in 

 the first battle of the Somme, and, 

 \\ith the 41st, captured Flere on 



New Zealand. Map showing the distribution of resources 

 and products throughout the Dominion 



Sept. 15, 1916. In 1917 it distin- 

 guished itself at the battle of Mes- 

 sines and in the third battle of 

 Ypres, in which it stormed Gra- 

 venstafel in the operations against 

 Passchendaele ridge. In March, 

 1918, it helped to defeat the great 

 German offensive, and in the sub- 

 sequent Allied advance defeated 

 the Germans at Beaucourt and cap- 

 tured Puisieux and Serre, Aug. 15, 

 and the ruins of Bapaume, Aug. 29. 

 One of its outstanding exploits was 

 the recapture of Le Quesnoy on 

 Nov. 5, when the men scaled the 

 ramparts with ladders. In addi- 

 tion, New Zealand furnished a 

 tunnelling company which did 

 splendid service in France, and 

 also helped to rebuild the bridges 

 destroyed by the Germans in then- 

 retreat in the autumn of 1918. 

 New Zealand casualties were : 

 Killed : officers, 735 ; other ranks, 

 15,401 ; wounded : officers, 1,688 ; 

 other ranks, 39,061. 



Bibliography. The Long White 

 Cloud, W. P. Reeves, 2nd ed. 1900; 

 New Zealand, R. &. J. L. Stout. 

 191 1 ; Oxford Survey of the British 

 Empire, vol. v., Australasian Terri- 

 tories, 1914 ; New Zealand. 

 Scholefield. 1917 ; New Zealand 

 Olliciul Year Book. 



New Zealand, BANK OF. In- 

 stitution established by an Act of 

 the New Zealand Parliament, 1861. 

 Part of its capital is guaranteed by 

 the government, which holds 

 another 750,000 thereof. It acts 

 as banker to the N.Z. government, 

 and has over 200 branches in 

 Australia, New Zealand, and the 



Z 7 



