NEW ZEALAND 



7*1 



NIAGARA FALLS 



of tin- I'.-n-iii.v Tlie head 

 is ut \\YllintMuii, ninl the 

 lyondon office at 1, Queen Victoria 

 Street, I - 



New Zealand, UNIVERSITY or. 

 State university of New Zealand. 

 An rvimiuing body only, it waa 

 founded in \^ln. It consists of 

 the university of Otago at 

 Diiiii'.lin. t .iMt'-rbury College at 

 ( 'Ini-t. hinvh, .\McUand University 

 ('iillriM 1 , and Victoria University 

 ('illicit- at Wellington, where are 

 the headquarters. For agricultural 

 stm I. tits there Ua recognized col- 

 lege at Lincoln. It has an agent at 

 88, Gower St., London, \V.< '. 



New Zealand Cross. Decora- 

 tion for bravery. Instituted in 

 1809. it is awarded to those " who 

 may particu 

 larly distinguish 

 themselves by 

 their bravery in 

 action, or devo- 

 t i o n to their 

 duty while on 

 service." I twos 

 first awarded 

 only to mem- 

 bers of the local 

 militia, volun- 

 New Zealand Cross tee^ or arme d 



constables. .It consists of a silver 

 Maltese cross, similar to the V.C., 

 only the latter is of bronze. A gold 

 star appears on each limb, and in 

 the centre in a circle surrounded 

 by a gilt laurel wreath is " New 

 Zealand." On the reverse is the 

 name of the recipient. A crown is 

 placed above the uppermost limb. 

 The ribbon is crimson. 



New Zealand Flax (Phormium 

 tenax). Perennial herb of the 

 natural order Liliaceae, native of 



New Zealand Flax. Left, sword- 

 shaped leaves ; right, flower-head 

 with tabular blooms 



New Zealand. The sword-shaped, 

 leathery leaves are from three to 

 six ft. in length, arranged in two 

 ranks, the older leaves clasping the 

 younger at their base. When old 

 they split at the tip. The flower- 

 stem is about 15 ft. high, branched 

 above, the branches supporting i In- 

 curved, tubular, red or yellow 

 flowers. The leaves yield beautiful 



and strong fibre*, ' which Cant. 

 < '!; found nerved the native* for 

 a variety of purpose* clothm,-, 

 neU, twine, etc. but the presence 

 of gum in the leaves, difficult of 

 removal, has made it* preparation 



><>rt too costly. 



New Zealand Spinach OB NEW 

 ZEALAND ICE-PLANT (Tetragonia ex- 

 Fleshy herb of the natural 



New Zealand Spinach. Branches with 

 foliage and flowers 



order Ficoideae. It is widely dis- 

 tributed in the S. hemisphere. It 

 is more or less prostrate, with 

 alternate, oval, fleshy leaves, and 

 inconspicuous, imperfect yellow 

 flowers. It is frequently grown in 

 Europe as a substitute for real 

 spinach (Spinacia oleracea). 



Next Friend. In English law, 

 adult person who lends his name to 

 a legal proceeding brought by or on 

 behalf of an infant or lunatic. The 

 action is entitled " A. B. (an in- 

 fant) by C. D. his next friend." The 

 next friend need not be any rela- 

 tion of the infant ; and before his 

 name can be used, he must sign a 

 consent for that purpose. If the 

 infant plaintiff loses with costs, the 

 next friend is liable to the defend- 

 ant for these costs, though as a rule 

 these are allowed him out of the 

 infant's estate. See Insanity. 



Ney, MICHEL (1769-1815). 

 French soldier. Born Jan. 10, 1769, 

 at Saarlouis, he was the son of a 

 cooper. Join- 

 ing the army 

 in the ranks in 

 1788, he rose 

 rapidly during 

 the Revolu- 

 tionary wars, 

 and by 1796 

 had become a 

 brigadier-gene- 

 ral. The cap- 

 ture of Mann- 

 heim in 1799 

 added to his 

 reputation, 

 and in 1804 he was created a mar- 

 shal, having in the meantime fought 

 at Hohenlinden, and other battles 

 gainst the Austrian*, and also 

 conducted a diplomatic mission 



to Switzerland. Hit storming of 

 the entrenchment* at K^Mngm, 

 in 1805, brought him hi* dukedom, 

 and later he distinguished himself 

 at Jena, Eylau, and Priedland. 



Sent to Spain in 1808. Ney re. 

 turned from the Peninrala in 1812, 

 having Quarrelled with Maasena. 

 under whom he had been called 

 upon to serve in the invasion of 

 Portugal. His victory at Borodino 

 in the Russian campaign in 1H12 

 brought him the title of prince of 

 Moskova, and to him is due the 

 credit of saving the remnant* of 

 the French army in the retreat In 

 1813 he fought at Lutzen, Bautzen, 

 and Leipzig, but he made his peace 

 with the Bourbon regime in 1814. 

 When Napoleon returned from 

 Elba, Ney wan sent to oppose him, 

 but he deserted with his army to his 

 old master, and commanded the 

 centre at Waterloo. Brought to 

 trial for his desertion, he was sen- 

 tenced to death, and shot in Paris, 

 Dec. 7, 1815. 



Ngaxni. Lake in the N.W. of 

 the Bechuanaland Protectorate. It 

 was discovered by Livingstone in 

 1849. During recent years it seems 

 to have been drying up, and the 

 Okovango river which formerly 

 discharged into it no longer does so. 

 It has been proposed to divert 

 rivers into the lake in order to 

 make it a reservoir for irrigation. 



Niagara. Town and watering- 

 place of Ontario, Canada. It stands 

 on the Canadian side of the Niagara 

 river, where it falls into I^ke 

 Ontario. It is 15 m..below the Falls, 

 and is sometimes called Niagara- 

 on-the-Lake. Known as Newark, it 

 was burned down by the American 

 troops, Dec. 10, 1813, and was the 

 first capital of Upper Canada, now 

 Ontario. Pop. 1,400. 



On the opposite (U.S.A.) side 

 of the river is Fort Niagara. Owing 

 to its strategic importance, a fort 

 was built here in 1675, and another 

 one in 1725-27, earlier ones having 

 been destroyed. Then French, it 

 was taken by the British under 

 Sir \V. Johnson in 1759. It was an 

 important point during the War of 

 Independence, as it was in the war 

 of 1812-14, by which time it had 

 become the property of the I' ^ \ 

 On Dec. 29, 1813. a British force 

 took it, but it was restored to the 

 in 1814. The magazine and 

 other old buildings remain. 



Niagara Falls. Famous falls 

 on the lower portion of the Niagara 

 river, N. America. The river, which 

 is 33 m. long, separates in part the 

 prov. of Ontario, Canada, from the 

 state of New York, U.S.A., and 

 flows from Lake Erie to Lake On- 

 tario. During ite course it makes a 

 total descent of 326 ft, about 50 ft. 

 being in the rapids above the Falls 



