NIEUPORT 



taught by Treitschke, and German 

 ideas (Kultur) generally, he re- 

 peatedly attacked. But by his 

 lyrical praise of struggle, and 

 ultimately of war, by his glorifi- 

 cation of the individual will, by 

 his scorn of humanitarianism and 

 morality, he is partly responsible 

 for the perversion of Germany. 

 His Zarathustra which contains 

 his most dangerous excesses, at- 

 tained an enormous circulation, 

 and Young Germany followed him 

 above all others. Few German 

 writers of his generation evoked 

 so extensive a literature, or had 

 such fame abroad. The true 

 followers of Nietzsche are cosmo 

 politan, and are intensely opposed 

 to the German ideal of the state 

 as superior to the individual. 



Joseph McCabe 



. Bibliography. Works, 18 vole., 

 Eng. ed. O. Levy, 1909-13 ; F. N., 

 his Life and Work, M. A. Miigge, 

 1908 ; Who is to be Master of the 

 World?, A. M. Ludovici, 1909; 

 The Philosophy of F. N., F. C. S. 

 Schiller, 1913 ; The Philosophy of 

 N., H. L. Mencken, 3rd ed. 1913 ; 

 N. and Treitschke, E. Barker, 1914 ; 

 F. N., G. Brandes, 1914; Leben 

 F. N., 2 vols., E. Forster-Nietzsche, 

 Eng. trans. A. M. Ludovici, 1912-15. 

 Nieuport. French firm of 

 aeroplane constructors founded by 

 Edouard de Nieuport. By most 

 careful attention to the reduction 

 of resistance on every part of the 

 machine, they built in 1910 a mono- 

 plane which surpassed everything 

 then built for speed, and used only 

 an engine of small h.p. Maintaining 

 the tradition of this first machine, 

 the Nieuport firm have continued 

 among the world's most successful 

 producers of high speed fighting 

 machines. Nieuport fighter biplanes 

 were largely used by both the 

 British and the French air services 

 during the Great War. A number 

 of scouting machines known as 

 Nieuport Nighthawks were con- 

 structed for the R.A.F. in 1919. 



Nieuport (Flemish Nieuw- 

 poort). Town of Belgium, in the 

 prov. of W. Flanders. It lies on the 

 Yser, 10 m. S.W. of Ostend, con- 

 nected by rly. with Dixmude, and 

 by canal with Furnes. Before the 

 Great War, Nieuport was an im- 

 portant fishing centre, and this has 

 revived to some extent, although 

 the town was completely ruined. 

 The 12-15th century church of 

 Notre Dame, the 15th century cloth 

 hall, the Templars' Tower, and the 

 hotel de ville were notable buildings. 

 Nieuport-Bains, 2i m. N., was a 

 small watering-place in the dunes 

 at the mouth of the Yser. It was 

 the extreme northern point of the 

 Western front. 



Originally known as Santhoven, 

 Nieuport was a trading centre of 



5740 



some note in the Middle Ages, and 

 was unsuccessfully besieged by the 

 French, 1489. The Spaniards were 

 defeated here in the battle of the 

 Dunes by Maurice of Nassau, 1600. 

 It was an important point in the 

 battle of the Yser (q.v.), was held 

 by French troops after the Belgians 

 were withdrawn, and in the sum- 



Nieuport, Belgium. Grand Place, with the Cloth Hall on 



the left, and Clock Tower, as they appeared before the 



destruction of the town in the Great War 



mer of 1917 by the British 4th 

 army, troops of which suffered 

 severely in the surprise German 

 attack on the bridgehead, July 10, 

 1917. Nieuport was awarded the 

 Ooix de Guerre, 1920 Pop. (1914) 

 4,400. See Lombartzyde. 



Nieuwveld. Mt. range in the 

 Cape Prov., S. Africa. Running 

 W. to E. south of the Great Karoo, 

 the mts. form an escarpment which 

 is joined through the Stormbergen 

 and Sneeuwbergen with the 

 Drakensbergen, and are thus the 

 edge of the great African plateau. 



Nievre. Dept. of France. In 

 the centre of the country, its area 

 is 2,660 sq. m. It includes the 

 mountainous district of Morvan in 

 the E. and less elevated regions in 

 the N., while in the W. the dept. is 

 flat. The chief rivers arc the Loire, 

 Nievre, Allier, Aron, Cure, and 

 Yonne. An agricultural, but not 

 very fertile district, it produces 

 some cereals and potatoes ; cattle 

 and sheep are reared in large num- 

 bers. There are some vineyards 

 and much of the land is forest. 

 There are coal and iron mines in 

 the dept. and some large ironworks. 

 Neyers is the capital ; other places 

 are Chateau Chinon, Clamecy, 

 Cosne, and Fourchambault. Be- 

 fore the Revolution Nievre was 

 mainly covered by the province of 

 Nivernais. Pop. 299,300. 



Nigde OR NIGDEH. Town of 

 Asia Minor. Situated in the Konieh 

 vilayet, about 80 m. N.W. of 

 Adana, it is a trade centre. Pop. 

 20,000. 



Nigella. Genus of annual herbs 

 of the natural order Ranunculaceae. 

 Natives of the Mediterranean 

 region, one species was introduced 



NIGER 



into Britain in 1548. They are 

 popularly known as Love-in-a-mist 

 and Devil-in-a-bush, and bear 

 variously coloured blue, white, 

 and yellow flowers surrounded by 

 graceful feathery foliage. As 

 garden flowers, they only require 

 to be treated in the same manner 

 as hardy annuals. 



Niger. River 



of W. Africa It 

 rises in the moun- 

 tainous zone on 

 the frontiers of 

 Sierra Leone and 

 French Guinea, 

 near Timbi- 

 kunda. After a 

 devious course of 

 some 2,500 m., 

 during which it 

 passes through 

 French territory 

 and N. Nigeria, 

 it enters S. Nigeria 

 at Idah, and falls 

 into the Gulf of 

 Guinea through a 

 large estuary in the central portion 

 of the coast of S. Nigeria. From its 

 source the main river flows N.E. to 

 its junction with the Milo, and con- 

 tinuing in the same general direc- 

 tion reaches the neighbourhood of 

 Timbuktu, whence the direction is 

 mainly E. almost to long. 0. From 

 this point it flows generally S.E. to 

 the sea. The principal tributaries 

 are the Milo, Bakhoy, Sokoto, Ka- 

 duna, and Benue. The delta com- 

 mences near Abo, about 80 m. 

 from the sea, and has numerous 

 mouths, the chief of which are 

 the Nun, Forcados, and Bonny. 



The headwaters are connected 

 with the coast by the French rly. 

 from Kankan, on the Milo branch, 

 to Kurussa, on the main river ; 

 and across French Guinea to the 

 port of Konakry ; and by the rly. 

 from Kulikoro to Bamako, and 

 thence to Kayes and Ambidedi on 

 the Senegal river, whence a line 

 is being constructed to Dakar. 

 The river is navigable between 

 Kurussa and Bamako, and for a 

 short distance above the latter 

 place. It is again navigable from 

 Kulikoro and Ansongo by small 

 launches, and under favourable 

 circumstances as far as Niamey. 

 In Nigeria the river is divided into 

 two navigable sections, broken by 

 the rapids N. of Jebba, although 

 above Sekachi it is navigable as 

 far as Gaya in French territory, 

 and with intervals up to Ansongo. 

 The lower river is navigable for 

 small ocean-going vessels es far 

 as Baro, but navigation is becoming 

 increasingly difficult. 



Although known to the Greeks 

 and mentioned by Ptolemy and 

 later writers, the Niger generally 



