NORFOLK 



the sea, as it does in the few places 

 where cliffs fringe the shore. Along 

 the Wash, however, some land has 

 been reclaimed. The chief river 

 is the Yare, with its tributaries, 

 Wensum, Bure, and Waveney, 

 which divides Norfolk from Suf- 

 folk. The Great Ouse and its 

 tributaries also water the county, 

 which contains the shallow lakes 

 known as the Broads. 



Norfolk is a noted agricultural 

 county. Wheat, barley, and oats 

 are largely grown ; cattle and sheep 

 are reared ; and some land is given 

 up to fruit. Fishing is an impor- 

 tant industry, while oil shales are 

 worked near King's Lynn. It is 

 served by the G.E. Rly. and by a 

 line maintained jointly by the 

 Mid. and G.N. Rlys. Norwich is the 

 county town and the largest 

 place. Other corporate towns are 

 Yarmouth, King's Lynn, and 

 Thetford, while there are a number 

 of small towns, among them East 

 Dereham, North Walsham, Down- 

 ham Market, and Wymondham. 

 Cromer and Hunstanton are water- 

 ing-places. The county, which is 

 mainly in the diocese of Norwich, 

 sends five members to Parliament. 

 Norfolk was part of the kingdom 

 of E. Anglia, and soon after the 

 Norman Conquest became one of 

 the richest parts of England. This 

 was due mainly to its sheep farming 

 and the county's wealth was in- 

 creased when in the 12th century 

 Flemings introduced the worsted 

 manufacture. Woollens were also 

 manufactured, and Norwich became 

 one of the three greatest cities of 

 the kingdom. There are ruins of 

 castles at Castle Acre and Castle 

 Rising. In the county are Sand- 

 ringham, Houghton, Holkham, 

 Paston, and Nelson's birthplace, 

 Burnham Thorpe. 



LITERARY ASSOCIATIONS. The 

 Babes in the Wood are supposed to 

 have been left to die in Wayland 

 Wood, between Watton and 

 Wymondham ; and The Bailiff's 

 Daughter of Islington belonged to 

 the hamlet of that name near King's 

 Lynn. The Paston Letters, with 

 their intimate revelations of 15th 

 century life, may be recalled at 

 Caister, near Yarmouth, and else- 

 where. Charles Dickens placed 

 notable scenes of David Copperfield 

 at Yarmouth. George Borrow wrote 

 of Norwich and other Norfolk 

 places in Lavengro. Augustus 

 Jessopp in two or three volumes 

 described the county between E. 

 Dereham and Swaffham as Ar- 

 cady. See Broads. 



Bibliography. Norfolk Broads and 

 Rivers, G. C. Davies, 1884 ; History 

 of Norfolk, W. Rye, 1885 ; Pictures 

 of East Anglian Life, P. H. Emer- 

 son, 1888 ; Bygone Norfolk, W. 

 Andrews, 1898 ; Highways and 



5762 



Byways in East Anglia, W. A. 

 Dutt, 1901 ; Victoria History, 

 Norfolk, ed. H. A. Doubleday and 

 W. Page, 1901. 



Norfolk. City of Virginia, 

 U.S.A., in Norfolk co. It stands 

 on Elizabeth river, an arm of 

 Chesapeake Bay, 68 m. S.E. of 

 Richmond, and is served by the 

 Chesapeake and Ohio and other 

 rlys., and by Transatlantic and 

 other steamship lines. Transport 

 facilities are also provided by two 

 canals. An important port and the 

 second largest city of the state, 

 Norfolk has a spacious harbour. 

 Peanuts and coal are shipped, and 

 lumber, grain, fruit, oysters, and 

 cotton are exported. The manu- 

 facturing industries include fertil- 

 isers, lumber products, cotton, silk, 

 and knitted goods, carriages, 

 wagons, oil, tobacco, and cigars. 

 Norfolk was laid out in 1682, in- 

 corporated in 1736, and became a 

 city in 1845. Pop. 116,000. 



Norfolk, EARL AND DUKE OF. 

 English titles, the latter being the 

 senior dukedom in the peerage. 

 After the Conquest of 1066 the 

 earldom of Norfolk was held by 

 several nobles, including members 

 of the family of Bigod. It passed 

 through female descent from the 

 Bigods to the Mowbrays. In 1397 

 Thomas Mowbray was created 

 duke of Norfolk, and except for a 

 short period his descendants held 

 the title until 1476, when John, 

 ^he 4th duke, died without sons. 



John Mowbray's daughter Anne 

 married ' Richard, younger son of 

 Edward IV, and for two years that 

 young prince was duke of Norfolk. 

 In 1483 John Howard was created 

 duke of Norfolk by Richard III, 

 and the present title dates from 

 that year. The Howards were 

 descended through a female from 

 Thomas Mowbray, the 1st duke. 

 In 1572 the 4th duke was at- 

 tainted and the title lapsed until 

 1660, when Thomas Howard, earl 

 of Arundel, a descendant of the 

 attainted duke, was restored to the 

 dukedom by Parliament. Many of 

 the earlier earls and dukes of Nor- 

 folk had filled the office of earl 

 marshal, and in 1672 this was 

 made hereditary in the family. The 

 principal seat" of the family is 

 Arundel Castle, and the eldest son 

 of the duke bears the courtesy title 

 of earl of Arundel or earl of 

 _Surrey. See Arundel ; Howard. 



Norfolk, JOHN HOWARD, IST 

 DUKE OF (c. 1430-85). English 

 soldier. A kinsman of the Mow- 

 bray family, dukes of Norfolk, he 

 fought in the Guienne campaign, 

 1453, and became knight of the 

 shire for Norfolk, and sheriff under 

 Edward IV, 1461. He fought 

 against the Lancastrians, and 

 though created Baron Howard by 



NORFOLK 



Henry VI. 1470, he remained faith- 

 ful to Edward, whom he accom- 

 panied to France, 1475, and acted 

 as diplomatic 

 representative, 

 1477-80. He 

 was made duke 

 of Norfolk and 

 e a r 1 marshal 

 by Richard 

 HI, 1483, and 

 was killed at 

 the battle of 

 Bosworth. His John Howard, 

 title was at- lst Duke of Norfolk 

 tainted by Henry VII, but a reversal 

 was secured by his son Thomas, 

 earl of Surrey, who became 2nd I 

 duke in 1514. 



Norfolk, THOMAS HOWARD, 3no 

 DUKE OF (1473-1554). English 

 soldier. Son of Thomas Howard, 

 w^m^^^rarag 2nd duke, he 

 I fought at 

 Flodden, 1513, 

 and became 

 earl of Surrey 

 on his father's 

 restoration to 

 the dukedom 

 in 1514. He 

 ai was lord-lieu- 

 Thomas Howard, tenant of Ire- 

 3rd Duke of Norfolk land> 152 o_21 

 After aoiMn r aided the 

 French coast, became lord treas- 

 urer, 1522, and as warden of the 

 marches raised the Scots' siege 

 of Wark Castle, 1523. He cruelty 

 suppressed the Pilgrimage of 

 Grace (q.v.), 1537-38, and com- 

 manded the English army sent 

 against the Scots in 1542. His in- 

 fluence, however, waned before 

 that of Hertford, and he was im- 

 prisoned, 1546-53. Released by 

 Mary, his attainder was reversed 

 in 1553, and he died at Kenning- 

 hall, Norfolk, Aug. 25, 1554. 



Norfolk, THOMAS HOWARD, 4ra 

 DUKE OF (1536-72). English poli- 

 tician. Born March 10, 1536, he 

 was taught by 

 John Foxe, 

 and succeeded 

 to the duke- 

 dom in 1554. 

 He represented 

 Eliza beth in 

 the Scottish 

 n e g o t i ations. 

 1559-60 and 

 in 1568. He 

 planned, how- 

 ever, a marri- Afieraoitein 

 age with Mary Queen of Scots, 

 and was imprisoned by Eliza- 

 beth, 1569-70. Released on a 

 promise of allegiance and renun- 

 ciation of the marriage scheme, he 

 was drawn into the^Ridolfi Plot, 

 arrested in Oct., 1571, and, denying 

 that he was a Roman Catholic, was 

 executed as a traitor. Jan. 2, 1572. 



Thomas Howard, 

 4th Duke of Norfolk 



