NORTH-EASTERN 



5774 



NORTH GERMAN 



North Eastern 

 Rly. arms 



North-Eastern Railway. Er.g 

 lish railway co. Founded in 1854, 

 it was an amalgamation of the 

 York, Newcastle 

 and Berwick, 

 York and N. Mid- 

 land, and Leeds 

 Northern. In 

 1863 the historic 

 Stockton and Dar- 

 lington line was 

 taken over, and 

 between then 

 and 1900 extensions were freely 

 made. The main line runs from 

 York through Newcastle to Ber- 

 wick. Other places served include 

 Sheffield, Leeds, Bradford, Hull, 

 Durham, Gateshead, Sunderland, 

 Middlesbrough, Carlisle, Tyne- 

 mouth, Stockton, and the York- 

 shire watering-places. Around 

 Newcastle about 30 m. of line are 

 worked by electric power. 



The rly. owns large docks at 

 Hull, covering 129 acres, and is the 

 joint owner of others. Its steam- 

 boats run between Hull and Antwerp 

 and other places on the Continent. 

 Its headquarters are at York, and 

 the works at Darlington, Gateshead, 

 Yerk, and elsewhere. The total 

 length of line owned is 4,990 m. 

 See Railways. 



North-East Passage. Name 

 of a route round the N. of Eurasia 

 to China (Cathay). Attempts to 

 make it, undertaken mainly by 

 Englishmen and Dutchmen, Wil- 

 loughby and Chancellor, 1553, and 

 Barents, the Dutch navigator, 

 1594-95, failed in their main pur- 

 pt 83, but succeeded in opening up 

 a trade with Russia in furs, oil, 

 etc. The North-East Passage was 

 eventually accomplished in 1878-79 

 by N. A. E. Nordenskiold (q.v.). 

 See Arctic Exploration. 



Norther. Name for the bitterly 

 cold, often snow-filled, N. and N. W. 

 winter winds experienced in Texas 

 and the Gulf of Mexico region 

 generally. They are caused by the 

 movement of air towards the rear of 

 a vigorous cyclone, and their 

 strength is due to the marked 

 pressure gradients. The norther 

 sometimes causes the temperature 

 to fall 30 F. in an hour. 



Northern Lights. Name popu- 

 larly given to the phenomenon of 

 the Aurora Borealis (g.v. ). 



Northern Territory. Part of 

 Australia directly administered by 

 the Commonwealth itself. It lies 

 between meridians 129 and 138 E., 

 N. of 26 S., with a coast-line on the 

 Arafura Sea and the Gulf of Car- 

 pentaria. From 1863 it formed the 

 N. part of South Australia, and 

 with this status joined the Com- 

 monwealth in 1900, but in 1911 it 

 passed under the control of the 

 central authority The S. com- 



prises a highland area, Macdonnell 

 Ranges, part of the Central Austra- 

 lian desert, although water is found 

 in the valleys and can be reached 

 by artesian bores ; northwards lies 

 the plateau with extensive pastoral 

 areas suitable for cattle runs ; the 

 coastlands are lower and are 

 forested over considerable areas. 



The people live mainly in the N. 

 Gold, copper, tin, and wolfram 

 are mined. Darwin is the chief 

 port, and the terminus of the 

 overland telegraph and the N. 

 section of the Transcontinental 

 Rly. The area is 524,000 sq. m. 

 Pop. 25,000, four fifths aborigines. 

 See Australia, colour map. 



Northern Union. Union of 

 professional football clubs that 

 play a game resembling Rugby 

 football. It came into being in 

 1895 owing to the refusal of the 

 English Rugby Union to recognize 

 professionalism, and its constituent 

 clubs are almost confined to Lan- 

 cashire and Yorkshire, where they 

 have a large following. 



The game played by these clubs 

 differs in several ways from the 

 Rugby game, mainly in being 

 faster and more spectacular. The 

 scrummage consists of six instead 

 of eight players, and the team of 13 

 and not 15. There is no line-out, 

 its place being taken by a scrum- 

 mage. A try counts three points 

 and two more are added if a goal is 

 kicked. See Football. 



Nprthey, SIR EDWARD (b. 1868). 

 British soldier. Born May 28, 

 1868, he served in the Hazara and 

 M i r a n z i ex- 

 peditions, 



1891, and in 

 that against 

 the Isasai, 



1892. He was 

 in S. Africa, 

 1899-1902. In 

 the Great War 

 he commanded 

 the 1st batt. 

 K.R.R.C. a t 

 Mons and sub- 

 sequent battles m 1914, the 15th 

 brigade, March-July, 1915, and the 

 Nyasaland-Rhodesia field force, 

 1916-18, rendering assistance in 

 the conquest of German E. Africa. 

 In ' 1918-22 he was governor 

 and commander-in-chief of British 

 East Africa (later Kenya Colony), 

 and high commissioner for the 

 Zanzibar Protectorate. He was 

 awarded the K.C M.G. in 1918. 



Northfield. Dist. of Worcester- 

 shire, England, now a suburb of 

 Birmingham. It has a station on 

 the Mid. Rly. S. Laurence's is the 

 chief church, and the principal in- 

 dustries are the manufacture of 

 nails and other forms of hardware. 

 Pop. 6,000. 



Sir Edward Northey, 

 British soldier 



Russell 



Northfield. Town of Massa- 

 chusetts, U.S.A., in Franklin co. 

 It is on the Connecticut river, about 

 50 m. N.W. of Worcester, and is 

 served by the Central Vermont Rly. 

 It is noted as a centre of religious 

 education, largely owing to D. L. 

 Moody, the evangelist, who was 

 born here in 1837. Here is held the 

 annual summer conference of 

 Christian workers. Northfield was 

 incorporated in 1672. Pop. 2,000. 



Northfield. Village of Ver- 

 mont, U.S.A. In Washington 

 county, 35 m. from Burlington, it 

 is known as the seat of Norwich 

 University. Founded at Norwich 

 in the same state in 1819 by a 

 soldier, Alden Partridge, it became 

 a university in 1834. In 1866 it 

 was removed to Northfield. 



Northfleet . Urban dist. of Kent, 

 adjoining Gravesend, England. It is 

 on the Thames, 22 in. from London, 

 with a station on 

 the S.E. & C. 

 Rly. The church 

 of S. Botolph is 

 a fine building, 

 partly Decorated 

 and partly Per- 

 pendicular. The Horthfleet . geai 

 industries include of urban district 

 shipbuilding and council 



the manufacture of cement, paper, 

 and chemicals. Pop. (1921J 15,719. 



North Foreland. Headland of 

 Kent, England. Off here three ac- 

 tions were fought in the wars with 

 Holland. The first battle opened 

 June 2, 1653, with an attack by the 

 English admirals, Monk, Deane, 

 and Lawson, on the Dutch fleet of 

 Van Tromp. With the arrival of 

 Blake on the following morning 

 the Dutch made a hasty retreat, 

 having lost heavily. 



The second battle was begun 

 June 1, 1666, by Monk's attack on 

 the Dutch under De Ruyter, and 

 lasted for four days. On the 2nd 

 the battle opened early, and went 

 against the English. The next 

 morning Prince Rupert hastened to 

 Monk's assistance, but after heavy 

 fighting on the 3rd and 4th, the 

 English were obliged to make the 

 Thames, having lost 20 vessels and 

 6,000 men. A third battle, fought 

 July 25 and 26, 1666, resulted in 

 the flight of the Dutch. See Fore- 

 land, N. and S. 



North German Confederation. 



Alliance formed in 1866 by 22 

 sovereign German states. The 

 German Confederation of 1815 was 

 broken up by Prussia's attack on 

 her fellow- member Austria in 1866. 

 After the defeat of Austria, a new 

 alliance, the North German Con- 

 federation, was formed, Aug. 18, 

 1866, consisting of Prussia and tho 

 remaining states of the old Bund 

 N. of the Main, except Luxemburg, 



