NORTON 



5780 



NORWAY 



C. Eliot Norton, 

 American scholar 



After J. Bayter 



married Sir William Stirling-Max- 

 well, but died June 15 in the same 

 year. Among her novels are Stuart 

 of Dunleath, 1851, and Old Sir 

 Douglas, 1868. See Diana of the 

 Crossways. 



Norton, CHARLES ELIOT (1827- 

 1908). American scholar. Born 

 at Cambridge, Mass., Nov. 16, 

 1827, he was 

 educated at 

 Harvard, and 

 engaged for a 

 time in busi- 

 ness, voyaging 

 to the East 

 Indies in 1849. 

 In 1853 he 

 published a n 

 attack on ex- 

 perimental so- 

 cialism, and travelled in Europe, 

 1855-57. From 1864-68 he was 

 joint editor with J. R. Lowell of 

 The North American Review, 

 visited England, 1868, and was 

 professor of fine arts at Harvard, 

 1875-1900. Among his works are 

 The New Life of Dante, 1859 ; and 

 Notes of Travel and Study in Italy, 

 1860. He died Oct. 21, 1908. 



Norton St. Philip. Village of 

 Somerset, England. It is 6 m. 

 from Bath, and is notable because 

 here is The George inn, which claims 

 to be the oldest licensed house in 

 England. Pop. 500. See Inn. 



There are many places named 

 Norton in England. One is in 

 Derbyshire, just outside Sheffield, 

 and another is in Durham near 

 Stockton-on-Tees. The latter was at 

 one time a market town. Another 

 Norton is in Yorkshire, being divi- 

 ded by the Derwent from Melton. 



Norton Sound. Inlet of Bering 

 Sea, Alaska. It lies S. of Seward 

 Peninsula, and is 100 m. across 

 and 150 m. long ; along its N. 

 shore are Norton Bay and Godol- 

 phin Bay. 



NORWAY AND ITS PEOPLE 



R. N. Ruclmose Brown, M.A., Prof, of Geography, Sheffield, &. A. D. lime 



This article is supplemented by articles on the cities, foivns, rivers, 

 etc., of the country. See also Denmark ; Europe ; Sweden ; the 

 entries Norman ; Northmen ; and the biographies of the kings, 

 statesmen, and men of letters of Norway 



Norway occupies the western 

 and northern parts of the Scandina- 

 vian peninsula. It extends from 

 lat. 57 17' N. 

 to lat. 71 11' 

 N., and is 

 bounded W. by 

 the North Sea 

 and Greenland 

 Sea, N. by the 

 Arctic Ocean, 

 and E. by 

 SwedenandFin- Norway arms 

 and. In 1905 a neutral zone 10 

 m. wide, in which no fortifications 

 are allowed, was established on 

 both sides of the frontier -from 

 the sea to lat. 61 N. The land 

 area of Norway is 124,642 sq. m., 

 and the country has a total length 

 of 1,100 m. and a width of 10 

 to 250 m. The coast-line, excluding 

 minor indentations, is 2,110 m. 

 long. 



The greater part of Norway is a 

 lofty plateau of ancient rocks known 

 as the Kjolen or Keel, and averaging 

 2-3,000 ft. alt. The greatest heights 

 in the N. half of the country lie on 

 or . near the frontier, and include 

 Jaeggevarre, 6,283 ft., and Sulitelma, 

 6,280 ft. In the southern half the 

 elevations are greater in the W., 

 particularly in Dovrefjeld with Sne- 

 haetta, 7,746 ft., and in Jotunfjeld 

 with Glittertind, 8,385 ft., and 

 Galdhoppigen. 8,400 ft. Around 

 Christiania Fiord and in the ex- 

 treme S.E. of the country towards 

 Sweden are the only regions which 

 are relatively low-lying, but even 

 there plains are infrequent and of 

 small extent. Numerous deep 

 valleys break the continuity of the 

 plateau, and some of them afford 

 important cross-country routes, 

 which are followed often with 

 difficulty by roads and railways. 

 The coasts from Stavanger to the 

 Russian frontier are deeply in- 

 dented by long branching fiords, 

 and fringed with islands and rocks 

 forming the skargard, in which 

 there is a sheltered waterway of 

 over 1,000 m. for moderate sized 

 vessels. As a rule the sides of the 

 fiords rise steeply to 2-3,000 ft., 

 but in the far N. they are less bold 

 in outline. 



The S. coast is less indented, but 

 the great Christiania Fiord leads 

 into the heart of S.E. Norway and 

 is the principal line of access to the 

 country. Long narrow lakes are 

 numerous, the largest being 

 Mjosen, 140 sq. m. in area. Rivers 

 are short and turbulent as a rule, 



and of use mainly for timber- 

 floating and water power. The 

 whole country was once heavily gla- 

 ciated, but now the glaciers cover 

 only about 2.000 sq. m. The princi- 

 pal glaciers lie around Sogne Fiord 

 and Hardanger Fiord (Jostedals- 

 brae), and about the Arctic Circle 

 (Svartisen). The warm surface 

 drift of the N. Atlantic and the 

 prevailing S.W. winds give Norway 

 a temperate climate. A cool, wet, 

 and stormy climate is experienced 

 in the W. and N. and among the 

 fiords throughout, the year ; a 

 short, hot summer, and a long, 

 cold, but calm winter are charac- 

 teristic of the S.E. 



Precipitation ranges from 120 

 ins. a year in the W. to 40 ins. in the 

 interior. Ports are open all the 

 year, but 

 those on 

 Christiania 

 Fiord are ob- 

 structed b y 

 ice in winter, 

 nav i g a t i o n 



Norwegian flag, bein g main- 

 white and blue tained by the 

 cross on red help of ice- 

 breakers. For- 

 ests of Scots pine and spruce cover 

 about 20 p.c. of the area of Nor- 

 way; N. of Trondhjem Fiord the 

 birch is the principal forest tree. 

 On the high ground of the interior, 

 above 3,000 ft. in the S. and above 

 1,600 ft. in the N., and on the 

 coasts of Finmark, alpine vegeta- 

 tion and tundra prevail. Nor- 

 way has over 5,000 sq. m. of peat 

 deposits. Animal life includes the 

 bear, lynx, glutton, and wolf, 

 which are all rare except in re- 

 mote parts ; the Arctic fox, com- 

 mon fox, hare, ermine, weasel, 

 beaver, badger, and lemming. 

 Deer include the roe-deer, the elk, 

 now rare, and the reindeer in the 

 N. Several kinds of finner whales, 

 the humpback, white whale, and 

 grampus, as well as seals, are 

 found in Norwegian waters. Bird 

 life is very abundant. Salmon, 

 trout, pike, and perch are found in 

 the rivers and lakes. 



CONSTITUTION. The constitu- 

 tion dates from 1814, but has 

 been much modified. The govern- 

 ment is a limited hereditary 

 monarchy. The king exercises his 

 authority through a council of 

 state, composed of a minister of 

 state and seven councillors ap- 

 pointed by the crown. The coun- 

 cillors may attend but not vote 



