N.R.A. _______ 



French on March 18, 1917, after 

 the retreat from the Somme of the 

 Germans, who mined its streets. 

 Regained by the Germans in March, 

 1918, it was finally recovered by the 

 French under Gen. Humbert, Aug. 

 29, 1918. It was almost completely 

 destroyed in the various bom- 

 bardments, and the cathedral was 

 set on fire. 



N.R.A. Abbrev. for National 

 Rifle Association. See Rifle Associ- 

 ation, National. 



N.S. In aeronautics, an abbrev. 

 of North Sea, the type name of a 

 class of' British non-rigid airships. 

 Largely used for sea patrol work 

 during the Great War, these were 

 among the most efficient of the 

 non-rigid airships ever built, in 

 1919 holding the world's record of 

 endurance for non-rigid airships 

 with a non-stop flight of 101 hrs. 

 50 mins. The ships of this class are 

 262 ft. long, have a gas capacity of 

 360,000 cub. ft., a full speed of 58 

 m.p.h., and can carry nearly 40 

 tons of useful load. 



N.S.P.C.C. Abbreviation for 

 National Society for the Prevention 

 of Cruelty to Children. 



N.T. Abbreviation for New 

 Testament. 



Nuba. Negro people, mostly in 

 the Dar Nuba region of the Nuba 

 Mountains prov., Sudan. Dark, 

 woolly-haired, stoutly built, and 

 muscular, they are an aboriginal 

 stock, who were driven into the 

 hills in recent times by Baggara 

 and other Sudanese " Arabs " of 

 the plains. Mostly unclad, their 

 personal ornamentation lip-plugs, 

 tooth-mutilation, and scar-tattoo- 

 ing attests cultural relationship 

 with the Nilotic negroes. See 

 Africa ; Negro. 



Nuba. Range of mountains in 

 Kordofan. It contains the districts 

 of Billing, Sungikai, Kadugli, 

 Rashad, Tagalle, Talodi, and 

 Eleri. The capital is Talodi. Area, 

 32,200 sq. m. Pop. 268,000. Nuba 

 is also the name of a prov. in the 

 Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. 



Nubar Pasha (1825-99). 

 Egyptian statesman. The son of an 

 Armenian, he was born at Smyrna 

 and educated in Europe, entering 

 the Egyptian service about 1844. 

 After holding various posts in 

 Egypt, during which he pushed 

 through the Cairo-Suez rly., Nubar 

 was sent to Constantinople in 1863, 

 to prepare the sultan for Ismail's 

 adoption of the title of khedive. 

 He was then sent to Paris to 

 arrange the final negotiations for 

 the Suez Canal. In 1866 he was ap- 

 pointed minister of foreign affairs. 

 After the intervention of Britain 

 and France, Ismail disgraced Nu- 

 bar, but he returned to power as 

 prime minister in 1884 and was in 



5796 



office until 1888. He died in Paris 

 in Jan.. 1899. See Egypt ; Ismail 

 Pasha; Tewfik Pasha. 



Nubia. Name formerly applied 

 to a large region of N. Africa ex- 

 tending on both sides of the Nile 

 from Egypt to Abyssinia, now more 

 generally called the Anglo-Egyp- 

 tian Sudan. Nubia formed part of 

 the ancient kingdom of Ethiopia, 

 and was divided into Nubia Proper 

 or Lower Nubia, extending from 

 near Assuan to Dongola, and Upper 

 Nubia, extending to and including 

 parts of the Equatorial Provs. See 

 Africa ; Ethiopia ; Sudan. 



Nuble. Inland prov. of Central 

 Chile. Sloping from the Andes to 

 Concepcion, it is level and fertile 

 in the W., and produces wheat, 

 cattle, and timber. The vine is cul- 

 tivated, and an excellent wine 

 made. The capital is Chilian. Its 

 area is 3,498 sq. m. Pop. 175,000. 



Nucleus (Lat., kernel). In astro- 

 nomy, the brightest part of the 

 head of a comet. It is sometimes 

 applied to the central core of sun 

 spots, which have a half shade or 

 penumbra at their circumference, a 

 darker shade within, and a darkest 

 region, the nucleus. In biology, the 

 nucleus of a cell is a small spheroi- 

 dal or ellipsoidal body which is the 

 centre of the cell's activity and 

 growth. The word is popularly 

 used for the beginning of anything 

 which is intended to grow, e.g. of 

 a library. See Cell. 



Nueces. River of Texas, U.S.A. 

 Rising in Edwards co., in the S. 

 of the state, it flows 315 m. S. and 

 S.E. to Corpus Christi Bay, in the 

 G ulf of Mexico. It drains an area of 

 nearly 19,000 sq. m., and provides 

 much water for irrigation. 



Nuer. Nilotic negro tribe, 

 mostly in the Bahr-el-Ghazal prov., 

 Sudan. Blue-black, 5 ft. 9 ins., 

 located between the Shilluk and 

 Dinka, they are flat-footed marsh- 

 dwellers, using pile-houses, subsist- 

 ing on fish and aquatic plants, and 

 hunting with throwing-knives. The 

 women pierce the upper lips. 



Nueva Caceres OR NAGA. City 

 of the Philippines, capital of the 

 prov. of Ambos Camarines, Luzon. 

 It is situated on the Naga river at 

 the. foot of Mt. Isarog, 145 m. in 

 a straight line E.S.E^ of Manila, 

 and contains a cathedral, bishop's 

 palace, and normal school. The 

 city was one of the six foundations 

 of the Spaniards before the com- 

 pletion of the conquest of the 

 archipelago in 1591, and dates 

 from 1578. Pop. 18,000. 



Nueva Esparta. Insular state 

 of N. Venezuela, on the Caribbean 

 Sea. It includes Margarita and 

 adjacent islands, and its capital 

 is La Asuncion. Area, 490 sq. m. 

 See Asuncion, La ; Margarita. 



NUISANCES 



Nuevo Leon. Interior northern 

 state of Mexico. It lies partly on 

 the slopes of the eastern Sierra 

 Nevada and covers 23,592 sq. m. 

 None of its ma.ny rivers is navi- 

 gable for any distance. The soil 

 yields sugar and cereals. Stock- 

 raising is engaged in, and zinc, 

 silver, and lead are mined. A rly. 

 service radiates from Monterrey, 

 the capital. Pop. 365,000. 



Nuisance (Fr. nuisance, any- 

 thing injurious). In English law, 

 anything that does harm or causes 

 inconvenience. Nuisances are 

 classified as public and private. 

 Public nuisances are of many kinds. 

 There are nuisances which are in- 

 jurious to the public health, such 

 as having on one's property foul 

 drains, sewers, and the like ; these 

 are dealt with under the Public 

 Health Acts by the local authori- 

 ties, who have power, in the last 

 resort, to " abate " them at the 

 expense of the owner or occupier of 

 the property. Nuisances to high- 

 ways consist of doing acts which 

 cause obstruction to the roads. 

 Nuisances to rivers and streams 

 include polluting their waters or 

 obstructing their flow. 



Private nuisances are, or may be, 

 somewhat different. A public 

 nuisance may also be a private 

 nuisance if it causes particular loss, 

 damage, or inconvenience to one 

 person more than it causes to the 

 public generally. Thus, if a man 

 next door to a shop erects an 

 obstruction on the pathway, so 

 that customers cannot enter the 

 shop, it is a private nuisance to the 

 owner as well as being a nuisance to 

 the highway. The general prin- 

 ciple of the law of nuisance is that 

 a man shall not use his property 

 so as to cause loss and damage to 

 his neighbour. So that if one erects 

 upon his land a reeking chimney, 

 which makes another house unfit 

 to dwell in (not necessarily un- 

 healthy) ; or a steam forge, whose 

 perpetual noise seriously disturbs 

 the neighbours ; or, being a 

 riparian owner, dams the river or 

 diverts it, so that someone lower 

 down has less than his proper flow 

 of water, he is guilty of nuisance. 

 The remedy for private nuisance is 

 by injunction and damages; and an 

 action can be brought against any- 

 one who continues the nuisance as 

 well as against him who started it. 



Nuisances, - INSPECTOR OF. 

 Official appointed under the Pub- 

 lic Health Act of 1875. His duties 

 are to investigate any complaints 

 with regard to nuisances and to 

 carry out the provisions of the Act 

 for the prevention, abatement, etc., 

 of nuisances. Many of his duties 

 are carried out in certain areas by 

 the sanitary inspector (q.v. ). 



