NUNGESSER 



5802 



Nungesser, LIEUTENANT, guarded. Traces of 6,000 have been 

 French airman. Educated for an foiind. The largest, protected by 

 engineer, he started an aeroplane platforms with flanking towers, are 



36 FT 



business and was en- 

 gaged in S. America as 

 a designer and builder 

 of aeroplanes when the 

 Great War broke out. 

 Returning to France, 

 he joined a hussar 

 regiment and took 

 part in the early 

 fighting, first as 

 cavalryman, and later 

 in the trenches. 

 Wounded several 

 times, he was 

 passed unfit 

 for active 

 service, where- 

 upon he joined 

 the French 



flying corps and was specially 

 engaged in aerial bombardments. 

 With Guynemer (q.v.) he headed 

 the list of French airmen, and by 

 Nov., 1916, had destroyed over 

 20 German aeroplanes. He con- 

 siderably added to this total in 

 1917-18. See Aeronautics. 



Nunhead. District of S.E. 

 London. It is E. of Peckham Rye, 

 and forms part of the bor. of 

 Camberwell. It contains Nunhead 

 cemetery of 50 acres, consecrated in 

 1840, and the underground Beach- 

 croft reservoir of the Met. Water 

 Board, which took three years to 

 construct at a cost of 230,000, has 

 a capacity of 60,000,000 gallons, 

 and was opened in 1909. 



Nupe. District of Africa, now 

 part of Nigeria. It forms a prov. 

 N. of the Niger and the capital is 

 Bida. About the middle of the 

 19th century the country came 

 under the rule of the Fulas. The 

 British took possession of it in 

 1897, but only temporarily, its real 

 absorption taking place in 1901, 

 when a new emir, favourable to 

 British interests, replaced the de- 

 posed one. See Fula ; Nigeria. 



Nuphar. Name proposed by 

 Sir J. E. Smith for the yellow 

 water lilies. Modern botanists, 

 however, have restored the Linnean 

 name Nympliaea for the genus. See 

 Nymphaeaceae ; Water Lily. 



N.U.R. Abbrev. for National 

 Union of Railwaymen. See Rail- 

 waymen, National Union of. 



Nuraghe. Prehistoric round 

 tower in Sardinia. The typical 

 form is of rough-coursed blocks, 

 clay-mortared, having a basal 

 diameter of about 30 ft., sloping 

 slightly inwards. From the door- 

 way, usually facing S., a corridor 

 leads to an inner chamber, about 

 15 ft. across, with a vaulted roof. 

 On the right of the entrance is a 

 guard-niche, on the left an ascent 

 to an upper chamber, similarly 



sometimes surrounded 

 by villages of smaller 

 nuraghi. See Broch. 



Nur-ed-din. Ma- 

 homedan warrior. 

 About 1145 he suc- 

 ceeded his father as 

 ruler of a state in 

 Syria, making Aleppo 

 his capital. At once he 

 entered upon a war with 

 the crusading princes 

 who had made their 

 principalities i n 

 the district, and 

 over them he 

 won several vic- 

 tories. The 



Nuraghe. Plan and section of a 

 Sardinian prehistoric round tower. 

 The spiral line seen in the section 

 shows the position of the staircase 



second crusade, intended to check 

 his advance, was a failure, and in 

 1154, when he took Damascus, he 

 had driven the Christians from 

 Syria. In 1159, however, he was 

 beaten by Baldwin, king of Jeru- 

 salem, but he soon recovered from 

 the blow and gained new successes. 

 Later he sent into Egypt an army 

 which conquered that country from 

 the caliph. An uncle of Saladin, 

 whose ambitions troubled his con- 

 cluding years, Nur-ed-din died 

 May 15, 1174. Another Nur-ed-din 

 was an astronomer. Born in 

 Morocco, he lived in the 12th cen- 

 tury, and wrote an astronomical 

 work of some note. 



Nuremberg. City of Germany, 

 in the republic of Bavaria and the 

 prov. of Middle Franconia. The 

 second city of 

 S. Germany, it 

 stands in a plain 

 on the river 

 Pegnitz, 95 m. N. 

 of Munich. Un- 

 rivalled in the 

 abundance and 

 Nuremberg arms beauty of its 

 monuments of the German Renais- 

 sance, it is also one of the greatest 

 industrial and commercial centres 

 of S. Germany. It is an important 



' NUREMBERG 



rly. junction, and is served by the 

 Ludwigs Canal, connecting the 

 Main and Danube. 



Before the Great War, Nurem- 

 berg was one of the commercial 

 centres of Europe, its specialities 

 being toys and hops, for both of 

 which it was probably the largest 

 market on the Continent. The 

 manufactures, in addition to toys, 

 include metal wares, among them 

 fancy articles made of gold and 

 silver, pencils, matches, etc. There 

 are also chemical works, machine 

 shops, lithographic and printing 

 establishments, and works for 

 making railway stock, electrical 

 apparatus, etc. 



The old city, surrounded by 

 extensive modern suburbs, is 

 remarkably picturesque, most of 

 its lofty walls and towers of the 

 14th-16th centuries being pre- 

 served. On a hill on the N. is the 

 imperial castle of the llth and 12th 

 centuries, largely modernised, and 

 near it are the scanty remains of 

 the Burgraves' castle, burnt 1420. 

 The streets contain many fine 

 houses of the 16th and 17th 

 centuries, with richly ornamented 

 fronts, among them being the 

 house of Albert Diirer. Among the 

 fountains the chief is the Beautiful 

 Fountain, 1385-96, adorned with 

 statues. There are many fine 

 churches, rich in sculpture, metal- 

 work, wood-carving, painting, and 

 stained glass. S. Lawrence's, of 

 1278-1477, contains a splendid 

 stone tabernacle, 65 ft. high, by 

 Adam Krafft, and an Annunciation 

 carved in wood by Veit Stoss. 

 S. Sebald's, 13th-14th centuries, is 

 adorned with some of Krafft's best 

 work, and contains Peter Vischer's 

 magnificent shrine of S. Sebald. 

 The church of Our Lady is of the 

 14th century, and that of S. 

 Aegidius, in the Italian baroque 

 style, 1711-18, has an altar-piece 

 by Van Dyck. 



The grammar school was found- 

 ed by Melanchthon, 1526. The 

 town hall, in the Italian Renais- 

 sance style, dates from 1622. The 

 Germanic Museum, established 

 1857 in a medieval Carthusian 

 monastery, contains a large and 

 rich collection of every branch 

 of German art of every period. 

 There is also an industrial museum. 



Nuremberg grew up at the foot 

 of a castle of the Hohenstaufen 

 family, built 1050. It early became 

 a free city, and joined the Rhenish 

 league. The Hohenzollems were 

 burgraves from 1191 to 1415, 

 when they sold their castle to the 

 citizens. The administration, 

 except during a brief revolt by the 

 artisans, 1348^19, was in the hands 

 of the patricians. The city attained 

 its greatest splendour about 1500, 



