Count Okuma. 

 Japaneie itatetman 



proimn. M.. MI I S68 as a leader in 

 the i. i.. i m party wliieh agitated for 

 the abolition o| the feudal system. 

 He received 

 an appoint- 

 ment III the 

 .lep.irtmont of 

 foreign affairs, 

 beoamelinanee 



iinniM- 



-81, foreign 

 minister, 1888 

 -89, minister 

 of agriculture 



ailil eoinineree. 



lvf> ',17, an. I prime minister, in 

 u.l a-ain 1914-15. He was 

 the author of Fifty Years of New- 

 Japan. MHO. He died Jan. 10, 1922 

 Olaf I TRYOGVESSOS (. <u;o 

 1000). King of Norway, 990 KMMI 

 He had made expeditions to Eng- 

 land, and even perhaps as far as 

 Italy, when ho returned to Nor- 

 way, overcame Haakon Jarl, and 

 secured his throne. Having be- 

 come a Christian, he sought to 

 make his people Christians also, 

 founding a bishopric at Nidaros or 

 Trondhjem, and building the first 

 Norwegian churches. In 1000 he 

 was attacked by the sons of 

 Haakon Jarl, aided by the kings of 

 Denmark and Sweden. Defeated 

 in a sea fight at Svoldr, he leaped 

 into the sea and was drowned. 



Olaf II (995-1030). King of Nor- 

 way, 1015-30, and saint. He was a 

 descendant of Harold Fair-Hair, 

 and during his ^___ - ___ 

 years of sea- 

 faring, in which 

 he is said to 

 have captured 

 London on be- 

 half Of Ethel 

 red, he was 

 converted to 

 Christianity in 

 England. 

 When he be- 

 came ruler of 

 Norway, which 

 he made into 

 one kingdom, 

 he spread 

 Christianity 

 with insistent 

 severity. The 

 smaller rulers 

 having banded 

 together, called 

 Canute of Den- 

 mark to their 

 aid, and Olaf 



fled to Russia, 1028. Two years 

 later he returned and fell in battle 

 at Stiklestad, July 29, 1030. He 

 was canonised in 1164, and recog- 

 nized later asNorway's patronsaint. 



Oland. Island off the S.E. 

 coast of Sweden. It is separated 

 from the mainland by Kalmar 

 Sound, is 88 m. in length, and from 



Olaf II. 



King o( Norway 



From a tlalui ftp 



5833 



'. in to 10 m. broad. Wooded in 

 parts, it has good pMture ground, 

 and corn u grown near the ooMta. 

 Chalk, alum, and sandstone are 

 exported, but the chief oocu 

 U fishing. Uorgholm on the W. 

 coast U the chief town. Oland u 

 i i'li in barrows, Ht on. monument*, 

 itiul oth.-r iiiiti<{iiitii-H. I'.. p. 40,000. 



Olavarria. Town of Arp 

 in the prov. of Buenos Airen. It IK 

 195 m. by rly. S.8.W. of Buenos 

 Aires City, on the line to Bahia 

 Blanea via Saavedra. 



Old Age Pensions. Grant 

 made to aged persona by the state. 

 In the United Kingdom the idea 

 was long advocated by social re- 

 formers, but little practical pro- 

 gresa was achieved until 1893, 

 when a royal commission was ap- 

 pointed to consider the question. 



OLD BAILEY 



to all old age pensioners who were 

 entitled under the AcU to pendant 

 In April, 1919. the government Mt 

 up a committee to consider what 

 alteration* M regard* rate* or 

 qualification should be made. A* 

 the remit of it* report a bill wa 

 mtrodiie.-d mto Parliament and 

 became law in Dec., 1919. It raiaed 

 the pension from 7s. 6d. to 10*. a 



W.-l , til-- II.' r. , , I ,ki',J (!-. t ..I, 



Jan. 1 . 1920. The new scheme raised 

 the income limit of eligibility to 

 49 17n. ttd. per annum, removed 

 the outdoor relief and imprison- 



u.. at di.-xiiiiilitii iitionH, and ruled 

 out of account as income sick-pay 

 under a medical certificate for 

 three months in a year ; and the 

 value of the furniture. 



In .I.in ., I 1 -.' t. the scales of pen- 

 sions in re'at on t< income were : 



SCALE OF OLD AGE PENSIONS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM 



108. per week. Where yearly Income does not exceed 28 fe. 

 8*. ., ., is between 26 ta. and 31 10s. 



s. .. ,. 31 1(*. and 30 Ife. 



4. ,. 36 15s. and 42 



2s. 42 and 47 5s. 



18. .. ,. ., ., 47 te. and 49 17s. 6d. 



but its members could not agree on 

 a workable scheme. In 1899 a 

 select committee, presided over by 

 Henry (later Viscount) Chaplin, 

 suggested a definite scheme. In 

 1905 two bills were introduced into 

 Parliament embodying many of the 

 Chaplin committee's recommenda- 

 tions, but nothing came of them. 

 In his budget speech of 1907, 

 H. H. Asquith announced a definite 

 scheme of old age pensions. The 

 first Act was passed in 1908, and 

 came into force on Jan. 1, 1909. 



To qualify for a pension the recipi- 

 ent must have reached the age of 70 

 years, and be a British subject of 10 

 years' standing. If a natural -born 

 British subject, he or she must have 

 been resident in the U.K. for twelve 

 out of twenty years up to date of 

 recei\ iii'4 pension. If not natural- 

 born, he or she must have been 

 resident for twenty years previous 

 to receiving the pension. The 

 minimum pension of Is. a week is 

 paid to a jwrson whose income does 

 not exceed 49 17s. 6d. per annum. 

 Previous to the 1919 Act the income 

 limit was 31 10s. The first rate of 

 pension was 5s. per week, payable 

 at any post office, to all men and 

 women qualified. 



From time to time new coi. litions 

 have governed the scheme. In 191(5 

 the government made a grant to 

 meet the cost of allowances, up to 

 a maximum of an additional 2s. 6d. 

 a week, to those suffering special 

 hardship due to war conditions. In 

 1917 the grant of the additional 

 allowance of 2s. 6d. was extended 



Those unable to follow their em- 

 ployment in consequence of blind- 

 ness could obtain a pension at 50. 



In Mar., 1922 there were 

 1,029,367 old age pensioners, of 

 whom 71 7. :{n:{ wen- in Kngland, 

 44,655 in Wales, 96,539 in S-,,t- 

 land, and 170,870 in Ireland. The 

 1919 Act had by Mar., 1922, added 

 nearly one hundred and ten thou- 

 sand extra pensioners. The cost 

 for 1921-22 was estimated at 

 26,000,000. The cost of old age 

 pensions is paid from the im- 

 perial funds, and the administra- 

 tive authority is the ministry of 

 health in England and Wales, and 

 the local government board of 

 Scotland. Since April. l!i., the 

 Irih Free State was responsible 

 for its own payments. 



Pensions are paid in Australia 

 and New Xoaland, the qualifying 

 age being 65. Australia pays 10s. 

 a week, and New Zealand, origin- 

 ally fixing the pension at 18 per 

 annum, increased it to 26 per 

 annum in 1905. In Germany the 

 system, which dates from 1891, is 

 both compulsory and contributory; 

 in France the system, dating from 

 1911, is also contributory, and the 

 age limit 65. Denmark instituted 

 ]K-nsions, in IS'.H. to ail over 60 

 a. A. L..k 



Old Bailey. London thorough- 

 fare. It runs S. from Newgate 

 Street to Ludgate Kill. K.<\ At it* 

 N.E. corner is the Central Criminal 

 Court (q.v.), on land occupied by- 

 old Newgate (q.v.) prison, opposite 

 which were set up the pillory. 



