OLD BUCK 



whipping post, and gallows. There 

 was a prison here in the 12th cen- 

 tury. A mansion of the Sidneys 

 stood in the Old Bailey, Camden 

 was born in this thoroughfare, 

 William Hone and Jonathan Wild 

 lived in Ship's Court, and Oliver 

 Goldsmith in Green Arbour Court. 

 The Old Eoman Wall extended 

 along the E. side. The name is 

 derived from the old court of the 

 city chamberlain, or from the 

 ballium or outer space near the wall 

 at Ludgate. -See The Old Bailey 

 and Newgate, C. Gordon, 1902. 



Oldbuck, JONATHAN. Laird of 

 Monkbarns in Scott's novel The 

 Antiquary (q.v.), a character whose 

 learning, wit, and drollery are com- 

 bined with the foibles of an elderly 

 bachelor. He had a prototype in 

 George Constable, an old friend of 

 the father of the novelist. 



Oldbury. Urban dist. and market 

 town of Worcestershire, England. 

 It is 5 m. from Birmingham, with 

 a station on the L. & N.W. Rly., 

 and is on the Birmingham canal. 

 Standing on the coalfield of the 

 Black Country, its industries in- 

 clude steel works, iron foundries, 

 and the manufacture of nails, tools, 

 chemicals, etc. Pop. 32,000. 



Oldcastle, SIR JOHN (d. 1417). 

 English Lollard, known also as 

 Lord Cobham. He is first men- 

 tioned as serv- 

 ing in the 

 Welsh marches 

 in 1401. In 

 1409 he mar- 

 ried Lady Cob- 

 ham, of Cool- 

 ing, Rochester, 

 and was sum- 

 moned to Par- 

 liament as a 

 baron. He was 

 high in the favour of Henry, prince 

 of Wales, afterwards Henry V, but in 

 1413 was charged with heresy, and 

 after several citations was arrested, 

 tried, and sentenced to death. Es- 

 caping from the Tower, he was 

 engaged in a Lollard conspiracy 

 which nearly brought about a 

 rebellion. Many leaders were ar- 

 rested, but Oldcastle remained in 

 hiding until 1417, when he was 

 captured, taken to London, and 

 hanged Dec. 14, 1417. He was the 

 original of Falstaff in Shakespeare's 

 King Henry IV (q.v.). See 

 Lollards ; consult also Life, pub- 

 lished by The Malone Society, 1908. 

 Old Catholics. R.C. congrega- 

 tions, chiefly in Germany, Holland, 

 and Switzerland, who have separ- 

 ated from the Church of Rome 

 mainly on the question of papal 

 infallibility. The movement ori- 

 ginated in a conference at Munich 

 in 1863 under the presidency of 

 Dr. Dollinger, which was attended 



Sir John Oldcastle, 

 English Lollard 



5834 



by about a hundred scholars and 

 priests, with the purpose of uniting 

 German R.C. divines in the work 

 of promoting unity in religion and 

 scientific thought. 



Jesuit influence resulted, Dec., 

 1869, in the summoning of the 

 Vatican Council, which in the fol- 

 lowing June voted on the question 

 of the infallibility of the pope when 

 defining doctrine ex cathedra. The 

 opposing bishops handed in a pro- 

 test and left Rome before the 

 session of July 18, which almost 

 unanimously passed the decree. 



Most of the opponents subse- 

 quently submitted under pressure ; 

 but Dollinger and Friedrich refused 

 on the grounds that papal infalli- 

 bility was contrary to Scripture 

 and tradition, condemned by 

 previous Councils, based upon 

 unauthentic authorities, and in- 

 compatible with civil order. As a 

 result, both were deposed and 'ex- 

 communicated. Dollinger then 

 called together an Old Catholic 

 Congress, which met at Munich in 

 Sept., 1871, and issued a manifesto 

 asserting adhesion to Catholic 

 doctrine, and to the ancient con- 

 stitution of the Church, repudiat- 

 ing papal infallibility, and declar- 

 ing a desire to reform the Church 

 and bring about reunion with the 

 Oriental and other episcopal 

 churches. Old Catholic Churches 

 were opened in various towns in 

 Germany and Switzerland. 



A second Congress, held at 

 Cologne in Sept., 1872, was at- 

 tended by the archbishop of 

 Utrecht, bishops of the Anglican 

 and American Churches, and a re- 

 presentative of the Russian Church, 

 r.mong about 500 other deputies. 

 In 1873 Dr. Reinkens was conse- 

 crated the first bishop of the Old 

 Catholics by the Jansenist bishop 

 of Deventer, according to the 

 Roman rite. See Dollinger ; Infalli- 

 bility ; Jansenism ; Papacy ; Vati- 

 can Council ; consult also The Story 

 of the Old Catholic and Kindred 

 Movements, A. M. E. Scarth, 1883. 



Old Curiosity Shop, THE. 

 Charles Dickens's third novel, be- 

 gun in the fourth issue of Master 

 Humphrey's Clock, April, 1840, 

 and concluded in the number for 

 Jan. 17, 1841. The illustrations 

 were by George Cattermole and 

 Phiz. The theme of the story is an 

 old man's affection for his grand- 

 daughter, for whose sake he be- 

 becomes a hopeless gambler. 

 Little Nell (q.v.), Daniel Quilp, 

 with his mis-shapen mind and 

 body ; Sampson and Sally Brass, 

 a rascally attorney and his sister ; 

 Dick Swiveller and the Marchioness 

 are among the more famous crea- 

 tions of the novelist. One of many 

 adaptations of the story for the 



OLDENBURG 



stage was made by Charles 

 Dickens, jun., in 1884. .See 

 Marchioness, The. 



Oldenburg. Free state of Ger- 

 many. It consists of three portions, 

 Oldenburg, Birkenfeld, and Lii- 

 beck, and its total area is 2,452 sq. 

 m., of which 212 are in Birkenfeld 

 and 209 in Liibeck. Oldenburg 

 proper is almost surrounded by 

 Hanover; its coast-line is mainly 

 formed by the bay of Jade. The 

 surface is flat and the physical 

 features resemble those of Holland, 

 from which it is only divided by a 

 piece of Hanover. It is watered by 

 the Weser and its tributary, the 

 Hunte, the Haase, and the Leda. 

 Agriculture is the chief occupation. 

 Cattle, sheep, and horses are reared 

 in large quantities, and wheat, rye, 

 oats, and other cereals grown. 

 Oldenburg is the capital ; other 

 places are Varel and Delmen- 

 horst. Birkenfeld and Eutin are 

 the capitals of the two smaller parts 

 of the republic. Birkenfeld is near 

 Worms, about 150 m. from Olden- 

 burg. The pop. is 518,000, of which 

 421,500 are in Oldenburg, 45,500 

 in Liibeck, and 51,000 in Birken- 

 feld. The republic is governed 

 by a Landtag of 48 members, 

 elected for five years. 



The first count of Oldenburg ap- 

 peared about 1200. In 1448 Count 

 Christian became king of Denmark, 

 and in 1454 he gave up his county 

 to his brother. Its boundaries were 

 enlarged by various counts. From 

 1702-73 it was again under the 

 kings of Denmark, passing in 1773 

 awayf rom them to Count Frederick 

 Augustus, and in 1777 it was made 

 a duchy. The Napoleonic wars 

 added both Birkenfeld and Lu- 

 beck, a secularised bishopric, to 

 Oldenburg, which was made a 

 grand duchy in 1829. A liberal 

 constitution was granted in 1849. 

 In 1871 Oldenburg joined the new 

 German empire, and in Nov., 1918, 

 the grand duke abdicated and the 

 state became one of the German 

 republics. See Birkenfeld. 



Oldenburg. Town of Germany, 

 the capital of the free state of 

 Oldenburg. It stands on the Hunte, 

 27 m. from Bremen, being served 

 by both railway and canal, and 

 consists of an old, or inner, town 

 and surrounding suburbs. The 

 chief buildings are the two palaces, 

 until 1918 the residences of the 

 ruling family, the restored church 

 of S. Lambert, and the old and the 

 new town hall ; also two museums, 

 hospitals, and a theatre. In the 

 Augusteum, a fine Renaissance 

 building, is a collection of pictures, 

 formerly belonging to the grand 

 duke, and there are two large 

 libraries. The industries include 

 some small manufactures, and a 



