ORANQE 



about 1200; and another at Ver- 

 satile* U said to have been sown in 

 1421. The tint British oranges ap- 

 pear- to have been grown Ky .-n 

 Francis Carew at Beddington, 

 Surrey, from 1505 onward. The 

 prinnpul \.uii-iics now grown are 

 the sweet S. Michael's, the bitter 

 Seville, the Jaffa, the Maltese 

 blood, the Tangerine, and the 

 Mandarin. 



The majority of the imported 

 oranges have had to be gathered 

 and packed while still green, and 

 undergo a sort of ripening in 

 transport; consequently, tin-s- 

 have not the delicious flavour of 

 those ripened naturally on tin- 

 tree, even in Britain. Such fruit 

 cannot compete commercially with 

 the imported article, so that British 

 orange trees are grown chiHly 



5889 



Orange. Gathering the harvest, a 

 scene in a Californian orange orchard 



for ornament. For this purpose 

 they may be raised from seed 

 ("pips") or cuttings, and grown 

 in good loam, to which has been 

 added sharp sand and crushed 

 bones, or dry cow-manure. The 

 seeds will germinate in a warm 

 greenhouse (about 60 F.), and 

 when the plants are large enough 

 they should be transferred to tubs, 

 which may be placed outside in the 

 summer, and in winter given a 

 temperature of 50 F. Sheep-dung 

 mixed with loam should be given 

 as a top-dressing in spring, and 

 during summer they require liberal 

 watering. 



The cultivation of the orange, on 

 a commercial scale, is practised in 

 Florida and California. There 

 seedling orange trees are found to 

 last longest, and are more hardy. 

 They are, however, extremely 

 thorny and the fruit is most 

 inferior. Practically all cultivators 



Orange, Spray ol foliage, flower, 

 and fruit Inset, fruit in section 



raise budded trees only. The re- 

 quired varieties are budded on 

 seedling stocks of the wild or sour 

 orange, and these can be trans- 

 planted two years after budding. 



Being gross feeders, orange trees 

 must be well manured. It ia 

 essential that they receive plenty 

 of potash ; stable manure applied 

 alone causes " die-back." They 

 also require spraying to keep down 

 red-spider, scale, and other insect 

 or fungus pests, while careful 

 pruning is most necessary. Well 

 treated, the orange is extra- 

 ordinarily prolific. Yields of four- 

 teen and even sixteen thousand 

 oranges have been secured from a 

 single tree. Orange trees continue 

 in bearing for a great number of 

 years. There are many instances of 

 trees bearing well for a century on 

 end. Oranges are now cultivated 

 in all warm countries. See Citrus. 



Orange, GARIEP OR GROOTE 

 RIVER. Largest river of S. Africa. 

 It rises near the Mont aux Sources 

 (11,000 ft.) in the highest portion 

 of the Drakensberg Range, in the 

 N.E. of Basutoland. Its basin 

 comprises 40,000 sq. m. of the high 

 plateau of S. Africa, and it reaches 

 the Atlantic Ocean about 45 m. 

 N.W. of Port Nolloth. The upper 

 tributaries flow 

 among the magni- 

 ficent mountains of 

 Basutoland, and on 

 one of them occur 

 the falls of Malut- 

 sinyane or Le 

 Bihan, with a drop 

 of 630 ft. There 

 are no permanent 

 left bank tribu- 

 taries of any size, 

 but on the right 

 bank is the Cale- 

 don, whose basin 

 is a rich grain- 

 growing district. It 

 joins the Orange 

 above Bethulie, 

 and the Vaal joins 



ORANOE 



above Prieaka ; all other perennial 

 affluent* are short. 



Below Prieaka the Orange flown, 

 -often through narrow, almost im- 

 payable gorge*, for 000 m. in a 

 sandy, and district, the decolato 

 8. portion of the Kalahari Desert, 

 with numerous tributary valleys 

 usually dry. Below Upington art 

 the Great Falls of Aughrabiea, 60 

 ft. unlc, 400 ft. drop, at Waterval, 

 which exceed both Niagara and 

 the Victoria Falls in height, but 

 lack their accessibility and 

 beauty. W. from Palmietfontein 

 the Orange forma the N. boundary 

 of the Cape Province. It was ex- 

 plored in part, in 1779, by Colonel 

 Gordon, who hoisted the Dutch 

 Sag in the middle of the stream, 

 and named it after the stadtholder 

 of Holland. 



Orange. Town of France. It is 

 on the river Meyne, 17 m. by rly. 

 N. of Avignon. The ancient 

 Arausio, it con- 

 tains a Roman 

 triumphal arch, 

 probably erected 

 about A.D. 25 

 and extensively 

 repaired since 

 1825, and a 

 Roman theatre, 

 Orange arms dating from the 



2nd century, the colossal facade of 

 which is visible from all parts of 

 the town. The tiers of seats were 

 restored in 1894, and the building 

 is now a national theatre in which 

 open-air plays are occasionally 

 performed. The cathedral of Notre 

 Dame dates from the 1 1th century. 

 Here are textile, dyeing, and tan- 

 ning industries. A principality 

 which passed in the middle of the 

 16th century to the house of 

 Nassau, it gave its name to the 

 family that was afterwards to rule 

 the Netherlands and England. On 

 William Ill's death the principality 

 was claimed by Prussia, which 

 ceded it to France by the Treaty 

 of Utrecht, 1713. 



Orange, France. Interior of the Roman theatre, show- 

 tbe restored tiers of seats 



