ORANGE SOCIETY 



3861 



ORANG UTAN 



.tli.- l>ut< hand theGriquas, 

 in wlin-li r.iiti>li ti....|.. f..uht on 

 the side of the latter. In 1848 * 

 Itritisli Kt-siil.-iit nt ItliM-infiiiitciii 

 vcr the government of the 

 country, while Wmlmrx remained 

 the capital of tin- l>ut<-h ifjniMie, 

 there being no clear dividing 

 line between the two conlli<tm^ 

 authorities In 1848 British 

 sovereignty was formally pro- 

 claimed by Sir Harry Smith, who 

 defeated the Boers under Pretorius, 

 and drove them across the Vaal. 



The country was at this time 

 U i KAMI as the Orange River 

 Sovereignty. The British position 

 was unsatisfactory, and on Juno 

 30, 1854, a proclamation declared 

 the abandonment of British sov- 

 ereignty. The Boer republic, then 

 formed, lasted until 1900. It 

 was named officially the Orange 

 Free State. Warfare with the 

 Basutos was carried on with 

 intervals until 1869, when the 

 boundary between the two peoples 

 was defined. The British helped to 

 negotiate this treaty, although 

 they had previously refused to take 

 the state again under their 

 sovereignty. By it part of Basuto- 

 land was added to the republic. 



Under the long presidency of 

 Sir J. H. Brand, that ended in 

 1888, the country prospered, being 

 aided by the opening up of the 

 diamond fields, which averted a 

 financial disaster. Under his 

 successor, F. W. Reitz, the Boer 

 republics entered into closer rela- 

 tions with each other, and in con- 

 sequence of this the Orange Free 

 State, under President M. T. 

 Steyn, joined the war against Great 

 Britain in 1899. This ended with 

 the occupation of Bloemfontein and 

 the (annexation of the country. 

 By the treaty of May, 1902, the 

 Boers acknowledged the rule of 

 Great Britain. See S. Africa; 

 Transvaal ; consult also The Boer 

 States, A. H. Keane, 1900 ; History 

 of S. Africa, G. MacC. Theal, 1908. 



Orange Society. Irish political 

 association founded in Armagh in 

 1795 for the defence of Protestant- 

 ism and the maintenance of the 

 Protestant ascendancy in Ireland. 

 For a century before the Revolu- 

 tion of 1688 there was bitter hos- 

 tility between Roman Catholics 

 and Protestants in Ireland, aggra- 

 vated by the regime of the Com- 

 monwealth and the plantation, 

 especially in Ulster, of colonies of 

 English Puritans and Scottish 

 Presbyterians. The overthrow of 

 James II by William of Orange 

 made the latter the hero of the 

 Protestant ascendancy, which was 

 then thoroughly established. 



In the N., Protestant Peep o' 

 day Boys and- Roman Catholic 



White I'.nys ;ui'l |).-f,-n.|.-n vied 



\\llh I ... ll ..tin I III til. 



of outrage*. The antagoni 

 came particularly virulent in t IK- 

 CO, of Armagh, where tin- ' 

 Society sought in effect to make it 

 impossible for Il.C.'s to live. The 

 society soon came into collision 

 with Wolfe Tone's Society of 

 United Irishmen, which had for ita 

 object the union of Il.C.'s and Pro- 

 testants for the overthrow of the 

 English ascendancy, though it 

 gradually became a R.C. move- 

 ment. The society was unjustly 

 held responsible for the violences 

 committed in the name of the law 

 in the suppression of the insurrec- 

 tion of 1798 ; whereas its existence 

 was merely a symptom of the 

 disease of religious animosity affect- 

 ing both sides. It was, however, 

 antagonistic to the Union of 1801, 

 which was expected very greatly 

 to impair Protestant ascendancy. 

 In the 19th century Orangeism 

 was directed to the repression of 

 the movement for Catholic eman- 

 cipation It can hardly be said to 

 have become definitely loyal to the 

 empire until O'Connell's move- 

 ment for the repeal of the Union, 

 which, since Catholic emancipation 



had been granted (I *:.". i, would 

 have meant the enublwhmcnt of 



ncendancy. See, Ireland. 

 Orange Street. London th<>. 



roii<.'hiiirc. It run* W. from tin- 

 it I'.,IM,H' Uiillrry, Kt. 

 Martin's Lane, to St. Martin's 

 Street, W.C. At ita N.W. corner 

 stood Orange Street chapel, built 

 1685 for Protestant refugees from 

 France, and later a Congregational 

 place of worship, demolished in 

 I'.n'l. The St. Martin's Street 

 frontage of the chapel adjoined the 

 house of Sir Isaac Newton, later 

 the home of Dr. and Fanny Bumey, 

 t;ik<-n (lowii in 1913 for re-erection 

 at Hitchin, Herto. 



Orange-tip Butterfly (Euchloe 

 cardamines', Small butterfly of 

 spring, common in British lanes, 

 and distributed over Europe and a 

 great part of Asia. It measures 

 about 1} in. across the expanded 

 wings. These on the upper side are 

 mainly white with a black base, and 

 the tips of the fore wings margined 

 with black, broadly in the female, 

 narrowly in the male, in which sex 

 nearly half the wing is orange. On 

 the under-side the hind wings are 

 heavily blotched with green. When 

 the insect alights on the clusters of 

 small white flowers of Cruciferae or 

 Umbelliferae and elevates its wings 

 over its back, the hind wing be- 

 comes part of the flower cluster 

 and the butterfly is invisible as 

 such. See Butterfly, colour plate. 



Orang Utan (Malay, man of the 

 woods). Species of anthropoid 

 (man-like) ape (Simia salyrus) 

 found only in Borneo and Sumatra. 

 A full-grown male stands about 

 4 J ft. high, and its arms are so long 



Orang Utan. Specimen ot the man-like ape o! Borneo and Sumatra, showing 

 its characteristic attitude in the fork of a tree ; top. crouching on the ground 



