ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 



ORIENTE 



organist can vary at will the 

 combination of stops which are 

 actuated by them. 



The artistic side of organ build- 

 ing, the voicing of pipes, their rela- 

 tive scale, the materials from 

 which they are made, and the vari- 

 ous wind pressures with which they 

 are supplied, has of late years made 

 great strides, and more beautiful 

 and varied tone-colours have been 

 evolved by the great builders. The 

 movement may be said to have be- 

 gun with the Restoration. Bern- 

 hardt Schmidt, known as Father 

 Smith, built the organ for Charles 

 II's chapel, and he and his rival 

 Renatus Harris erected many fine 

 instruments. See A Handbook of 

 the Organ, J. Matthew, 1897 ; The 

 Story of the Organ, C. F. Abdy 

 Williams, 1903; Modern Organ 

 Building, W. and T. Lewis, 1911. 



Organic Chemistry. Term ap- 

 plied to the branch of chemistry 

 dealing with the products of animal 

 and vegetable organisms. The term 

 has become to some extent restrict- 

 ed to the study of carbon and 

 hydrogen compounds and their 

 derivatives. See Carbon ; Chem- 

 istry ; Hydrocarbon. 



Organism. Living plant or ani- 

 mal, the chief constituent of which 

 is protoplasm. Organic substances 

 differ from inorganic, e.g. mineral 

 substances, as possessing life in 

 some form. See Biology ; Cell ; 

 Protoplasm. 



Organists, ROYAL COLLEGE OF. 

 Society founded in 1864 for the 

 furtherance of the interests of the 

 profession of organist, and of 

 church music generally. It conducts 

 examinations, and keeps in touch 

 with its members through the 

 monthly journal, The Musical 

 Times. Lectures are given in Lon- 

 don and the country from time to 

 time. The college, long associated 

 with Hart Street, Bloomsbury, now 

 occupies the building in Kensington 

 Gore, erected in 1876 for the 

 national training school, and used 

 by the Royal College of Music, 

 1882-94. It received a royal 

 charter in 1893. 



Orgeiev. Town of Rumania. 

 It is in Bessarabia, 25 m. N. of 

 Kishinev, on the Reut. The chief 

 industries are the making of to- 

 bacco, candles, and bricks , tanning, 

 and dyeing. Its limestone quarries 

 are famous. Part of the town is 

 built over the site of a Dacian 

 fortress. Pop. 18,000. 



Oriel (late Lat. oriolum, small 

 room, recess). In architecture, 

 term usually applied to a bay 

 window corbelled out from the 

 wall of an upper floor, or over a 

 porch, but formerly extended to a 

 bay window on the ground floor. 

 A conspicuous feature of Tudor 



architecture, it became common 

 about the middle of the 15th cen- 

 tury. See Gothic Architecture. 

 Oriel College. College of Ox- 

 ford University. 

 Foundedinl326by 

 Adam de Browne, 

 a ser van t of 

 Edward II, and 

 dedicated to S. 

 Mary the Virgin, 

 it was not called 

 Oriel until a little 

 Oriel College arms i a t erj a building 

 called La Oriole having previously 

 stood on the site. The older build- 



I 



Oriel College, Oxford. Front quadrangle o! the old 

 buildings, showing hall (left) and chapel (right) 



ings, including the beautiful front 

 quadrangle, face Oriel Street, while 

 newer ones face High Street. 

 The head of the college is the pro- 

 vost. S. Mary Hall has since 1902 

 been incorporated with Oriel. This 

 college was specially associated 

 with the Oxford Movement. Of later 

 members the most distinguished is 

 Cecil Rhodes, who left a large sum 

 of money to the college and pro- 

 vided funds for the new buildings. 

 See Oxford Movement ; consult also 

 Oriel College, D. W. Rannie, 1900. 



Oriel window, dating from 1361, in 

 the parsonage of S. Sebaldus, Nurem- 

 berg 



Orient (Lat. oriens, rising). 

 Region where the sun rises, i.e. the 

 east. It is used, more or less poeti- 

 cally, as a synonym for the eastern 

 parts of the world, e.g. China, 

 Japan, etc., and their inhabitants 

 are sometimes called Orientals. 

 An Orientalist is one who is 

 acquainted with the learning of 

 the East. In the same way the 

 western parts of the world are 

 sometimes called the Occident. 



Oriental Studies, SCHOOL OF. 

 London educational institution. 

 Founded in 1916, it is a depart- 

 ment of the London Institution, 

 i Finsbury.an edu- 

 cational centre 

 established i n 

 1806. Teaching 

 is provided in 

 seven groups of 

 languages, com- 

 prising 20 differ- 

 ent tongues, and 

 in the history, 

 religion, and cus- 

 toms of Oriental 

 and African 

 countries. The 

 senate of the uni- 

 versity of London 

 transferred to the 

 new school the 



teachers in the Oriental depart- 

 ments at University and King's 

 Colleges, excluding Egyptology, 

 Assyriology, and Hebrew. 



Orientation. Primarily, the 

 turning towards the East, or 

 Orient. In architecture, the term is 

 applied to the setting of a building 

 with reference to the compass 

 points. The main entrance to Greek 

 temples faced E. so that the level 

 rays of the early sun lit up the 

 image of the divinity. Early 

 Christian basilicas were similarly 

 orientated, but when a change of 

 ritual involved the turning of priest 

 and congregation to the E. the 

 orientation was reversed, and from 

 the 6th century most churches 

 were built with the altar at the E. 

 end and the main doors at the W. 



The setting of a map so that it 

 corresponds with the country, i.e. 

 so that the true N. on the map 

 points to the N. Pole, is also called 

 orientation. It is the determina- 

 tion of one's position with regard 

 to the compass points. 



In biology, orientation is the 

 change of position exhibited by 

 various protoplasmic bodies within 

 a cell due to external influences, 

 e.g. light and heat. In physiology, 

 it is a normal adjustment of any 

 organism to its environment. 

 / Oriente. Prov. of Ecuador. 

 Occupying an E. triangle of the 

 country wedged between Peru and 

 Columbia, it comprises almost half 

 the state. The land slopes E. from 



