ORIENT LINE 



the Andes and is included in the 

 Valley of the Amazon, which is fed 

 by the waters of the Napo, Cura- 

 ray, Tigre, and Postaza. Although 

 fertile and capable of producing 

 cotton in large quantities, it is 

 little known owing to its inaccessi- 

 bility. Archidona, on an affluent 

 of the Napo, is the provincial 

 capital. Est. pop. 80,000. 



Orient Line. British steamship 

 company. Founded in 1877 to 

 provide a service between London 

 and the Aus- 

 tralian ports 

 of Melbourne, 

 Sydney, and 

 Adelaide, it 

 became the 

 Orient Steam 



Orient Line flag, Navigation 

 blue cross on ^ o - lo/o, 

 white and has now 



services from 

 London, Tilbury Dock, to Gibraltar, 

 Naples, Suez, and Colombo, as well 

 as the Australian ports. Its head 

 j offices are in Fenchurch Avenue, 

 j London, E.G. In 1917 it had a 

 fleet of eight steamships, all names 

 beginning with 0. 



Oriflamme (Fr., golden-flame). 

 Sacred standard of the French 

 kings. It was kept by ecclesiastics, 

 and was sup- 

 posed to have 

 been the cloak 

 of a saint, some 

 say the blue 

 mantle of S. 

 Martin; accord- 

 ing to others, it 

 was red. It was 

 destroyed in 

 battle. The 

 second ori- 

 flamme, kept at 

 the abbey of S. 

 Denis, was red 

 with yellow 

 Hames, and had 

 streamers. It was raised by the 

 French at Agincourt, after which no 

 more was heard of it. See Flag. 



Origen OR ORIGENES (c. 185-254.) 

 Greek father of the Church. Born 

 at Alexandria, son of Leonidas, a 

 Christian martyr, he was educated 

 by Clement and Pantaenus. He 

 taught in the catechetical school at 

 Alexandria, where he founded a 

 theological school, was imprisoned 

 during the Decian persecution, 250, 

 and died at Caesarea or Tyre. A 

 voluminous and learned writer, 

 whose orthodoxy was questioned, he 

 wrote, in Hexapla, a polyglot of the 

 O.T., the first textual criticism of 

 the Bible. Origen also wrote com- 

 mentaries and other exegetical 

 works, a defence of Christianity, 

 Against Celsus, and aimed at 

 adapting Greek philosophy to the 

 needs of Christian theology. See 



Oriflamme. 5- 

 pointed French 

 royal standard 



Lives of the Fathers, F. W. Farrar, 

 1889 ; Origen and Greek Patristic 

 Theology, W. Fairweather, 1901. 



Original Seceders. Body of 

 Scottish Presbyterians formed in 

 1842 from the remnants, or Auld 

 Lichts, of both burgher and anti- 

 burgher parties of the Secession 

 Synod unabsorbed into the Church 

 of Scotland or United Presby- 

 terians. The Original Seceders op- 

 posed the use of instrumental 

 music in public worship, and 

 favoured national establishments 

 of religion based on the Solemn 

 League and Covenant. See Auld 

 Lichts ; Scotland, Church of. 



Original Sin. Term for the 

 mystical Christian doctrine that 

 man inherits sin by descent from 

 Adam. It was defined by the 

 Council of Trent, and is regarded 

 as being implied in Ps. li, 7 ; 

 Rom. v, 1-2 ; and, combined with 

 the equally mystical doctrine of 

 divine grace, in 1 Cor. xv, 21-22. 

 See Atonement ; Fall, The ; Free- 

 will ; Grace. 



Originating Summons. In 

 English legal procedure, a sum- 

 mons returnable before a master 

 or a judge, when no writ has been 

 issued. An inexpensive proceed- 

 ing, it is used in many cases re- 

 lating to trusts and other matters 

 where a legal decision is necessary, 

 though the facts are not in dispute. 

 Thus, if executors or trustees are 

 in doubt about the construction 

 of a claim in a will or settlement, 

 they ask the court to interpret it 

 by originating summons. 



Origin of Species. Book by 

 Charles Darwin published Nov. 24, 

 1859, with the full title On the 

 Origin of Species by the Means of 

 Natural Selection. The theory was 

 first clearly conceived by him in 

 1839. He was engaged on an ex- 

 tensive presentation of the subject, 

 when Alfred Russel Wallace (q.v.) 

 sent him an essay showing that he 

 also had independently reached 

 much the same conclusions. This 

 led Darwin to publish an abstract 

 of the larger work originally 

 planned by him. See Darwin ; 

 Darwinism. 



Orihuela. Town of Spain, in 

 Alicante. Situated on a plain 

 called the Garden of Spain, the 

 town is on the Segura river and is 

 backed by a rocky ridge, the Cerro 

 de Oro, 15 m. by rly. from Murcia. 

 The bishopric dates from 1265, 

 and there are tanneries, corn and 

 oil mills, and textile factories. 

 Known to the Moors as Auriwelah, 

 it was the Orcelis of the Goths, 

 who here made a last stand under 

 Theodoric. Pop. 30,000. 



Orillia. Town and watering- 

 place of Ontario, Canada. It stands 

 on Lake Couchiching, 86 m. N. of 



Toronto, and is served by the 

 G.T. Rly. and C.P. Rly. Steamers 

 go from here to places on Lake 

 Simcoe. Industries include the 

 making of automobiles and agri- 

 cultural implements. Pop. 7,000. 



Orinoco. River of S. America. 

 It rises in the Sierra Parima in the 

 S. of Venezuela, near the Brazilian 

 frontier, flows round these mts. 

 in a great curve, thence E. to the 

 Atlantic Ocean. S. of Mt. Duida 

 the river gives off a strong flowing 

 stream, the Casiquiare, which 

 joins the Rio Negro and thus con- 

 nects the Orinoco with the Amazon. 

 The right-bank tributaries, all 

 from the Sierra Parima, are the 

 Ventuari, Caura, and Caroni ; those 

 of the left bank, Guaviare, Meta, 

 and Apure, flow across the llanos 

 from the Colombian Andes. 



Between the mouths of the 

 Guaviare and the Meta the main 

 stream makes the falls of Maipures 

 and Atures 36 m. apart, which pre- 

 vent the passage of boats between 

 the navigable stretches above and 

 below them. About 160 m. from 

 the sea the Orinoco delta begins, 

 upwards of 50 channels distribut- 

 ing its waters into the Gulf of 

 Paria or direct to the Atlantic 

 Ocean. Ocean steamers reach 

 Ciudad Bolivar 200 m. from the 

 ocean, where the river is tidal. Its 

 length is 1,600 m. 



Oriole (Oriolidae). Family of 

 passerine birds, natives of the Old 

 World. About the size of a thrush, 



Oriole. Specimen of the green oriole 



they are richly coloured with 

 yellow, olive green, and black; 

 have strong bills, short legs, and 

 long wings, and construct ham- 

 mock-like nests, which are sus- 

 pended between two forking bran- 

 ches. The Golden Oriole (Oriolus 

 galbula) of Asia, S. Europe, and N. 

 Africa is a regular visitor to Bri- 

 tain on migration, and would pro- 

 bably nest here but for the fact that 

 it is shot immediately it is seen. 

 The cock is golden yellow with the 

 exception of the wings and the 

 middle of the tail, which are black. 

 In the hen the upper parts are 

 yellow-olive and the pale under- 

 parts are streaked with brown. 



