ORNAMENTS 



5880 



OROBANCHACEAE 



serving useful purposes as well, and 

 embracing all forms of dress other 

 than protective clothing, it is 

 distinguishable from decoration, 

 which is personal enhancement 

 effected without material adjuncts, 

 such as hair-frizzing. Originating 

 in a remote past, in some instances 

 for amuletic protection, it is in 

 universal use, especially for self- 

 display, tribal discrimination, or 

 ceremonial distinction. 



Ornament is applied to the per- 

 son by adhesion, entanglement, 

 insertion, or encirclement. Adhe- 

 sive ornament includes the appli- 

 cation of paints and unguents to 

 skin and hair, a practice traceable 

 to palaeolithic Europe. Neolithic 

 Crete used pottery stamps for print- 

 ing coloured designs upon the skin. 

 Body-painting, still widespread, is 

 effected by mineral pigments and 

 such vegetable extracts as the 

 ancient British woad. Andamanese 

 smear themselves with earth and 

 lard, and draw lines therein with the 

 fingers. Fijians bleach the hair with 

 lime; Kavirondo negroes wear white 

 clay stockings ; Tibetan women 

 form designs with seeds embedded 

 in starch paste upon the cheeks. 



Ornaments that encircle the 

 body or its parts are of most im- 

 portance, because they gave rise 

 to clothing in all its forms. Head- 

 bands developed, not only into 

 garlands and diadems, but also 

 into protective headgear. Neck- 

 laces, originally thongs and grasses, 

 sometimes plaited, bore perforated 

 berries, shells, and teeth, at first 

 often amuletic. This purpose was 

 afterwards associated with pen- 

 dants, such as the rats' ears en- 

 closed in Etruscan gold lockets or 

 the bright beetles reproduced as 

 durable scarabs in ancient Egypt. 

 Necklets of human teeth and bones 

 occur in Melanesia. Girdles and 

 belts, which preceded waist-cloths 

 and skirts, acquire decorative 

 forms in African cowry-strings and 

 bead-strings, the tinkling attach- 

 ments of bronze-age Europe and 

 Patagonia, and the buckles of 

 civilized dress. 



In all ages ornaments have served 

 as forms of portable wealth, in- 

 cluding American Indian wampum 

 and African cowries. In the early 

 iron age of Hallstatt metal rings 

 and armlets were made of fixed 

 weights, exchangeable at will as 

 ring-money. Personal ornaments 

 worn by officials in virtue of their 

 office, priestly, kingly, and the 

 like, are classed as insignia. See 

 Celt, colour plate ; Dress ; Earring ; 

 Jewelry ; Lip-Ornament ; Mutila- 

 tion ; Nose-Ornament ; Ring. 



Ornaments. In music, notes 

 which could be dispensed with, 

 without rendering the melody or 



the harmony incomplete or unin- 

 telligible. This definition includes 

 passing notes, appoggiaturas, ac- 

 ciaccaturas, mor- 

 dents, syncopa- 

 tions, shakes, 

 trills, and turns; 

 also, in many 

 cases, scales and 

 arpeggios. See 

 Musical Orna- 

 mentation, 2 vols., 

 E. Dannreuther. 



Ornaments. 

 Term for all 

 articles used in, 

 and subservient 

 to, divine worship. 

 Ornaments of the 

 church include 

 the altar or com- 

 m union table, 

 paten, chalice, 

 vessels for wine and water, font, 

 pulpit, Bible, Book of Common 

 Prayer, etc. ; of ministers, alb, 

 chasuble, cope, surplice, rochet, 

 pastoral staff, mitre, etc. In the 

 Anglican Church, images, crosses, 

 flowers, banners, etc., are allow- 

 able as decorations. The question 

 as to what is permitted according 

 to the Ornaments Rubric in the 

 English Book of Common Prayer 

 has involved much controversy 

 and litigation, but generally most 

 of the ornaments used in 1549 are 

 regarded as legal. Much of the con- 

 troversy centres in the distinction 

 between decorative and symbolical 

 use. See Ecclesiastical Law ; Ritual ; 

 Ritualism; Vestments; consult also 

 Principles of Religious Ceremonial, 

 W. H. Frere, 1906 ; The Ornaments 

 of the Church and its Ministers, 

 Report of Convocation, 1908. 



Orne. River of France. It rises 

 near S4es and flows through Nor- 

 mandy into the English Channel. 

 It is navigable for vessels of from 

 10 to 12 ft. at spring tides. Towns on 

 its banks are Argentan, JScouche, 

 and Caen. There is a canal from 

 Caen to the sea. Its length is 94 m. 



Orne. Dept. of France. In the 

 N.W. of the country, it is an inland 

 region, having an area of 2,372 sq. 

 m. It has a number of hills, chiefly 

 in the centre, but few in excess of 

 1,000 ft. high. The rivers include 

 the Orne, which crosses the dept., 

 Eure, Dives, Touques, Sarthe, and 

 Mayenne. The dept. is noted for 

 its horses. Dairy farming is carried 

 on, cattle are reared, fruit is cul- 

 tivated, and cereals, including 

 wheat and barley, are grown. Some 

 of the land is covered with forest. 

 Alen9on is the capital ; other places 

 are Argentan, Domfront, Mon- 

 tagne, Sees, and Flers. Before the 

 Revolution, Orne was partly in 

 Normandy and partly in Alengon 

 and Perche. Pop. 315,000. 



Ornitholestes (Gr. ornis, bird ; 

 lestes, robber). Extinct dinosaur. 

 The animal was one of the smallest 



Ornitholestes. Restoration of the bird-catching dinosaur 

 common in the reptile age 



By courteiy of the American Museum of Kalural Bittory 



and most active of the dinosaurs, 

 and lived principally upon birds. 

 See Dinosaur. 



Ornithology (Gr. ornis, bird: 

 logos, word). Science and study 

 of birds. See Bird ; Migration ; 

 Parrot ; Sparrow, etc. 



Ornithopter (Gr. ornithos, of a 

 bird ; pteron, wing). Type of air- 

 craft which is sustained and pro- 

 pelled by flapping movement of its 

 wings. So far, certain small models 

 are the only successful representa- 

 tives of the type. 



Orni thorny nchus (Gr. ornithos* 

 of a bird ; rhynchos, beak). Gene- 

 ric name for the platypus or duck- 

 bill, one of the three animals form- 

 ing the zoological order Monotre- 

 mata or Prototheria. These ani- 

 mals stand at the foot of the 

 mammalian ladder, with man at 

 the top, and in several anatomical 

 details show a marked resemblance 

 to the reptiles. They are oviparous 

 and have only one excretory aper- 

 ture. There are no mammary teats 

 in the female, but the milk exudes 

 locally through pores in the skin 

 of the abdomen. 



Comparatively little is known of 

 the habits of these animals, which 

 are found in parts of Australia and 

 Tasmania, but they live in pairs 

 in burrows constructed in the 

 banks of streams. Each burrow 

 has two openings, one above and 

 one below the surface of the water, 

 and in the breeding season two 

 eggs are laid in the nesting cham- 

 ber. It is uncertain whether the 

 mother hatches them. The animals 

 are about at night, when they feed 

 upon aquatic worms and insects. 

 They swim and dive, but move awk- 

 wardly upon land. See Duckbill. 



Orobanchaceae. Natural order 

 of leafless herbs, root parasites. 

 They are natives of temperate and 

 tropical countries, particularly of 

 Europe and Asia. The tuberous, 



