ORSK 



the government of Rome during 

 the republic of 1840, and on its 

 full Ix-came an indefatigable agi- 

 tator. Regarding Napolron ill " 

 the incarnation of the spirit <>f 

 reaction, Oreini made his way to 

 Paris, and on Jan. 14, 1858, threw a 



9883 



line-of-battle ships and four fri- 

 gates, upon four French ships of the 

 line. These vessels had escaped 

 from Trafalgar, and with their 

 capture the French fleet was 

 destroyed. See Trafalgar. 



Ortheris, PRIVATK STANLEY. 



bomb at the emperor and empress Character in Rudyard Kipling's 

 as they drove to the Opera. They Indian army stones, and more 

 escaped injury, but ten other particularly one of the principals 



people were killed and 150 wound. -,1 

 by the explosion, Orsini among 

 them. He was arrested and 

 rxtvuted March 13, 1858. See 

 M. m.iirs, Eng. trans. 1857. 



Orsk. Town of Russia. It is 

 in i In- govt., and 155 m. S.E., of 

 Orenburg, near the junction of the 

 rivers Or and Ural. There are 

 tallow, soap, and brick works, and 

 in the dist. are copper mines and 

 gold washings. Orsk was a fortress 

 of the Orenburg line, erected against 

 Kirghiz inroads. Pop. 22,000. 



Orsova. Two towns of Ruma- 

 nia, known as Old and New, and 

 formerly in the S.W. corner of 

 Hungary. Here the Carpathians 



Orscva, Rumania. The town of Old Orsova, from the 

 right bank of the Danube 



terminate against the Danube, and 

 5 m. downstream are the Iron 

 Gates ; parallel with them the 

 Cserna flows S. to the Danube, 

 and Orsova marks the confluence 

 of the two streams. The rly. from 

 Budapest follows the Cserna and 

 Danube valleys past Orsova station 

 2J m. from the town. Close to the 

 station Kossuth buried the Hun- 

 garian crown in 1849. Old Orsova 

 stands on the W. bank of the 

 Cserna. Pop. 5,800. New Orsova, 

 on the E. bank, was a Turkish 

 fortress. Pop. 3,000. Pron. Orshova. 

 See Rumania, Conquest of. 



Ortegal. Cape on the north- 

 west coast of Spain, one of the 

 most northerly points of the 

 Spanish seaboard. It is known 

 for the naval engagement, also 

 called the battle of Cape Ferrol, 

 that took place off here between 

 the British and the French, Nov. 

 4, 1805. The action consisted of a 

 successful attack by Sir Richard 

 J. Strachan, in command of three 



m the stories of Soldiers Three. He 

 is a keen-witted little Cockney 

 whose ambition is to keep a taxi 

 dermist's shop. 



Orthez. Town of France. It 

 stands on the Gave de Pau in the 

 dept. of Basses Pyrenees, 25 m. 

 from Pau. There is a 13th century 

 tower, part of the destroyed castle, 

 an old church with a remarkable 

 choir, and a modern town hall. 

 The industries include the manu- 

 facture of cotton, paper, and 

 leather, milling, and an agricul- 

 tural trade. Orthez was, in the 

 13th century, the capital of the vis- 

 counts of Beam. With Beam it 

 became part of the lands of the 

 counts of Foix, 

 and here Gaston 

 i Phoebus held his 

 splendid court, 

 vividly described 

 by Froissart. 

 There was a uni- 

 versity here in the 

 16th century ; the 

 building is now a 

 factory. It was a 

 centre of Calvin- 

 istic teaching and 

 Protestants are 

 still numerous in 

 the town. The 

 river is here 

 crossed by two 

 bridges. Pop. 

 6,000. Pron. Ortay. 



Orthez, BATTLE OF. One of the 

 concluding actions of the Penin- 

 sular War, Feb. 27, 1814. After 

 manoeuvring for some days round 

 Orthez, the British under Welling- 

 ton had forced the Gave de Pau 

 river, when Soult took up a 

 position near the Dax-Pau main 

 road. Wellington immediately 

 made dispositions to cut off his 

 retreat. An attack on the French 

 right early in the morning of the 

 27th failed, but a boldly conceived 

 and brilliantly executed assault 

 on the left, only effected by wading 

 through marshes reputed to be 

 impenetrable, was completely suc- 

 cessful, and the French were driven 

 back in confusion. Hill had cut off 

 their main retreat along the Pau 

 road, but by skilful strategy Soult 

 effected his escape. 



Orthite (Gr. orthoa, straight). 

 In mineralogy, name given to a 

 hydrated variety of allanite. The 

 latter is a mixture of calcium, iron, 



Ortboceras. Speci- 

 men of 0. undu- 

 latum 



ORTHODOX 



aluminium, and other metals of 

 the cerium group. Crystal* of 

 orthite up to 12 ins. in length are 

 found in Sweden. 



Orthocera* (Gr. orthoa, straight; 

 keras, horn). Genus of fossil 

 nautiloid cephalopoda. They are 

 distinguished by their straight 

 , , horn- or cone- 

 shaped shells, 

 the exterior of 

 which is 

 smooth or stri- 

 ated, and the 

 interior di- 

 vided into 

 chambers by 

 partitions. The 

 fossil is impor- 

 t a n t, as it 

 serves as one 

 of the index 

 fossils, and 

 was very com- 

 mon in Palaeo- 

 zoio lime- 

 stones. It is 

 found in de- 

 posits from Silurian to Triassic 

 times. The surviving nautilus is de- 

 scended from the fossil orthoceros. 

 Orthochromatic Photogra- 

 phy. Process by which the relative 

 values of coloured objects as seen 

 by the eye are recorded in mono- 

 chrome more correctly than by the 

 use of ordinary plates. These last 

 are chiefly sensitive to the blue 

 rays of light, so that in the result- 

 ing negative reds, yellows, and 

 greens are not adequately repre- 

 sented, while blue objects are over- 

 emphasised. To correct this dis- 

 proportion plates made sensitive 

 to red, yellow, and green by the 

 addition of certain dyes to the 

 emulsion have been introduced. 

 The use of a yellow screen by 

 absorbing some blue rays gives 

 additional correction to the colour 

 values. In some cases, however, 

 the orthochromatic emulsion and 

 the filter screen are combined on 

 the plate itself. Colour-sensitive 

 dry plates were first prepared in 

 1882, and are now highly efficient. 

 See Colour Printing. 



Orthoclase (Gr. orthoa, straight; 

 klosis, fracture). In geology, a 

 potassium aluminium silicate or 

 potash felspar. It is a constituent 

 of many crystalline rocks, e.g. 

 granite, porphyry, gneiss, etc., has 

 a lustrous glassy white, light yel- 

 low, green, or red colour, and crys- 

 tallises in the monoclinic system. 

 It is found widely distributed, and 

 many varieties are cut and polished 

 for gem stones, e.g. moonstones 

 and sunstones. 



Orthodox Eastern Church. Al- 

 ternative name for the Holy Ortho- 

 dox Catholic Oriental Church, also 

 known as the Greek Church (q.v. ). 



