ORTHODOXY 



Orthodoxy (Gr. orthos, right ; 

 doxa, opinion). Term commonly 

 used for soundness of religious 

 belief, but applicable in other 

 spheres of thought. Its use assumes 

 the existence of some standard by 

 which opinion can be tested ; but 

 this standard differs considerably 

 in the various sections of the Chris- 

 tian community. The Christian 

 Church as a whole is agreed upon 

 the fundamental doctrines of the 

 Gospel ; and these form the only 

 real test of orthodoxy. 



Shades of belief or thought that 

 are not four-square with orthodoxy 

 are called heterodox ; while any 

 teaching which directly contradicts 

 the orthodox faith, or is plainly in- 

 consistent with it, is called heresy. 

 The Greek Church, which claims to 

 have been pre-eminent in conserv- 

 ing the primitive faith, styles itself 

 the Holy Orthodox Church. See 

 Christianity. 



Orthography (Gr. orthos, cor- 

 rect ; graphein, to write). Exact 

 representation of the sounds of a 

 language by written signs. The 

 ideal of " Write as you speak " has 

 never been realized, for various 

 reasons. The numerous shades of 

 sound would require too many cor- 

 responding signs ; pronunciation 

 constantly changes, whereas spell- 

 ing is more conservative ; certain 

 words are wrongly spelt in accord- 

 ance with a supposed derivation 

 (thus, island (q.v.) has nothing to do 

 with isle) ; imported foreign words 

 are sometimes altered, sometimes 

 not (compare fancy and phantom). 

 Italian and Spanish come nearest 

 the ideal ; English and French are 

 most remote from it. Attempts 

 made in England to improve and 

 simplify the orthography have not 

 met with official recognition. 



Orthopaedia(Gr.or<7ws,straight ; 

 pa is, child ). Strictly, the treatment 

 and correction of deformities in 

 children. Orthopaedic hospitals, 

 however, undertake the treatment of 

 deformities and injuries generally, 

 especially of the feet and legs. 



Or t hop t era (Gr. orthos, straight ; 

 pteron, wing). In entomology, 

 name given to an order of insects. 

 As a rule, their fore wings are 

 stiff, and when at rest they 

 cover the large hind wings with 

 which the insects fly. The mouth 

 parts are adapted for biting. The 

 metamorphosis is incomplete, the 

 larvae resembling their parents but 

 having no wings. There are more 

 than 10,000 recognized species, 

 which include the cockroaches, 

 locusts, grasshoppers, earwigs, etc. 

 Orthoptera are among the oldest of 

 fossil insects. See Insects. 



Ortigueira. Watering-place of 

 N. W. Spain, in Corunna prov., 23 m. 

 N.E. of Ferrol. It stands on the E. 



5884 



Oruro, Bolivia. Government palace in the Plaza 10 de Febrero 



shore of the Ria de Santa Marta, an 

 almost landlocked inlet between 

 capes Ortegal and de Vares. The 

 harbour is shallow, and is used 

 mostly for the fisheries and coast- 

 ing trade. Pop. 20,000. 



Ortler OR ORTLER SPITZE. Al- 

 pine peak in N. Italy, in the Tren- 

 tino. The highest point in the E. 

 Alps, 12,802 ft. alt., it rises S. of the 

 valley of the upper Adige, S.E. of 

 the Stelvio Pass, with Mte. Ceve- 

 dale to the S.E. The ascent was 

 first made in 1804, the route from 

 Sulden being discovered in 1865. 



Ortolan (Emberiza hortulana). 

 Bird of the bunting family. A 

 summer migrant to Europe, spend- 

 ing the winter 

 in Africa, its 

 plumage is 

 reddish brown, 

 streaked with 

 black on the 

 upper parts, 

 with a yellow 

 throat and 

 greenish breast 

 and head. It 

 nests on the 

 ground, and 

 feeds on in- 

 sects and 

 various seeds. 

 It occurs very 

 o c c a s i o nally 

 in England during the summer 

 months. The ortolan is greatly 

 valued as a table delicacy, and 

 large numbers are netted in S. 

 Europe and fattened upon grain. 



Ortoiia. Town of Italy, in Chieti 

 prov. It is situated on the Adriatic 

 Sea on a headland with a quay on 

 the shore below, and is on the coast 

 rly. 12 m. S.E. of Pescara. The ca- 

 thedral and a ruined castle are note- 

 worthy buildings. There is consider- 

 able trade in wine. Destroyed by 

 the Turks in 1566, Ortona has 

 suffered from earthquakes and has 

 lost much of its earlier importance 

 as a port. Pop. 9,000. 



Oruro. Dept. and town of 

 Bolivia. The dept. lies on the W. of 

 the state between Chile and the 

 main range of the Andes. It con- 

 tains Lake Poopo and part of the 

 Desaguadero which connects that 

 lake with Lake Titicaca. The whole 

 dept. is at an alt. exceeding 12.000 



Ortolan. Specimen 

 of bird of the bunt- 

 ing family 



ft. and is arid and wind-swept.. Tin 

 is the chief mineral, the silver mines 

 being nearly exhausted. Llamas 

 and alpacas are kept, their wool 

 being the chief product. The town 

 is a mining centre with an impor- 

 tant school of mines ; it is the chief 

 rly. centre in the country, being 

 connected with La Paz, Antofa- 

 gasta, and Cochabamba. Its local 

 industries include the manufacture 

 of boots and alcohol. Area, 27,600 

 sq. m. Pop., dept., 160,000; town, 

 25,000. 



Orvieto. City of Italy, in Peru- 

 gia. It is built on a perpendicular, 

 isolated rock near the Tiber, 60 m. 

 N.N.W- of Rome. It trades in 

 locally-produced wine. The superb 

 cathedral, an excellent example of 

 Italian Gothic, was begun in 1295, 

 and is rich in sculptures, pictures, 

 and mosaics. The museum, found- 

 ed 1296, houses medieval works of 

 art, and Etruscan and prehistoric 

 antiquities. The Well of S. Patrick, 

 adjacent to the citadel, has two 

 spiral planes round the shaft which 

 the water-carrying asses ascend 

 and descend. The tombs in the 

 Etruscan Necropolis date from the 

 5th century B.C. The town occu- 

 pies the site of Volsinii, one of the 

 twelve capitals of the Etruscan 

 League, and was destroyed by the 

 Romans in 280 B.C. Pop. 8,000. 



Orwell OR GIPPING. River of 

 Suffolk, England. Rising to the W. 

 of Stowmarket, it flows S.E. to the 

 North Sea. From its source to 

 Ipswich it is known as the Gipping. 

 The Orwell proper is an estuary, and 

 extends for 11 m. from Ipswich to 

 Harwich, where it merges with the 

 estuary of the Stour. See Ipswich. 



Oryx (Gr., pickaxe). Genus of 

 large antelopes. It includes about 

 six species, which occur in Africa, 

 Arabia, and Syria. They have long 

 and bushy tails and are dis- 

 tinguished by their long, ringed 

 horns, which are nearly straight. 

 See Gemsbok. 



O.S. Abbreviation for old style, 

 i.e. of reckoning dates. It was 

 discovered about 1500 that the 

 date of the year did not actually 

 correspond with the annual pro- 

 gress of the earth round the sun. 

 In 1582, therefore, Pope Gregory 



