OSAGE ORANGE 



Mil introduced a now calendar, 



i tine of which won the 



;i>l<lii ion of ten days to the existing 



i.e. Oct. 5 became Oct. 15. 

 Tin, was called the new style, 

 .ni.l was soon adopted by tin- 

 Roman Catholic, countries, but leas 

 promptly i.v tin- Protestant ones. 

 .11 did not make the 

 change until 1752, when the differ- 

 -n< between the two styles 

 .mioiintrd to eleven days. It was 

 1. 1. In.-. I tint s.-|t. 3 of that year 

 -hoiiM be reckoned as Sept. 14. 



; mrics in dates of birth, 

 i Ic.-iths, etc., are sometimes due to a 

 confusion between the two styles. 

 See Calendar; New Year's Day. 



Osage Orange (Maelura pomi- 

 ffni) OK I'.nw-wooD. Small tree of 

 the natural order Urticaceae, 

 native of N. America. The stems 

 are spiny, and the leaves oval to 

 oblong-lance-shaped, and shiny. 

 The flowers are inconspicuous and 

 yellowish green. The individual 

 fruits are small nutlets buried in 



5885 



O880RNE 



Osage Orange. Spray of foliage, with 

 fruit, of the North American tree 



the enlarged fleshy calyx ; but t 

 great number of them grow to- 

 gether, forming a multiple fruit, 

 3 ins. to 4 ins. in diameter, globular 

 and yellowish green. The elastic 

 bright orange wood was used by 

 the Indians for making bows. It is 

 much planned for hedges. 



Osaka. City of Japan, in 

 Honshu. It covers 8 sq. m. on the 

 alluvial plain at the mouth of the 

 Yodo and at the head of Osaka 

 Bay. The temperature ranges from 



Osaka. Plan showing the principal buildings and the harbour works of the 

 Japanese seaport 



Osaka, Japan. 



Ramparts of the castle built by Toyotomi 

 Hideyoshi in 1584 



27 F. to 100 F. A commercial and 

 manufacturing city, its chief build- 

 ings of interest are the temples of 

 Hokoku and Temma and the 

 Japanese mint. Osaka Castle, 2J m. 

 distant, dates from 1584. The walls 

 were built of granite stones, some 

 40 ft. long and 10 ft. high, but the 

 superstructure was almost entirely 

 destroyed by fire in 1868. 



More than 7,000 factories pro- 

 duce 60 different classes of articles, 

 of which the chief are cotton 

 textiles, iron and metal goods, 

 refined metals, leather goods, 

 ships, glass-ware, confectionery, and 

 patent medicines. Osaka is a great 

 exporting centre for textiles, refined 

 sugar, and straw goods, especially 

 in the trade with China and 

 Chosen (Korea). There are four 

 exchanges for rice and cereals, 

 stocks, cotton, cloth, and oils ; 

 the rice and cereal exchange 

 regulates prices. 



The city owes its prosperity to 

 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who built the 

 castle and made his capital here. 

 After the Toyotomi family lost 

 its power, it retained its commer- 

 cial importance, although Tokyo 

 (Yedo) became the political capi- 

 tal. Kawamura 

 ! Zuiken, in three 

 years, 1684-87, 

 ' constructed 

 canals and em- 

 bankments 

 g which secured 

 the buildings 

 against the floods 

 of the Yodo. 

 Pop. 1,250,000. 

 O.S.B. Ab 

 brev. for Order 

 of S. Benedict. 

 See B e n e d i c- 

 tines. 



Osborne, DOROTHY (1627-95). 

 English letter writer, daughter of 

 Sir Peter Osborne, of Chicksands, 

 a royalist, who 

 held Guernsey 

 for the king. She 

 met Sir William 

 Temple (q.v. ) in 

 1648, and be- 

 came his wife in 

 1655. During 

 their long court- 

 ship they main- 

 tained a corre- 

 spondence, her 

 share in which 

 has been pre- 

 served and con- 

 stitutes one of the outstanding con- 

 tributions to English epistolary 

 literature. She died at Moor Park in 

 Surrey, and was buried in West- 

 minster Abbey in 1695. See The 

 Letters of Dorothy Osborne, ed. 

 E. A. Parry, 1888 ; rev. ed. 1903. 



Osborne College. Former 

 establishment for training cadets 

 for the British navy. Opened Aug. 

 4, 1903, it was situated in the 

 grounds of Osborne House, Isle of 

 Wight. After passing the entrance 

 examination, cadets, who were 

 under 13| years of age, were sent 

 to Osborne for two years, passing 

 thence to the Royal Naval College, 

 Dartmouth. The college was under 

 a captain, while for supervising the 

 actual teaching there was a head- 

 master. At the outbreak of the 

 Great War the average number of 

 cadets was 468, and in 1920 it was 

 283. The college was closed in 

 1921, and the cadets and staff trans- 

 ferred to the Royal Naval College 

 at Dartmouth. See Naval Cadet. 



Osborne House. Mansion in 

 the Isle of Wight built for Queen 

 Victoria. It is 1 J m. from E. Cowes, 



