OSBORNE 



and, commanding a fine view of the 

 Solent, is surrounded by an estate 

 of about 3,000 acres. In 1845 the 

 queen bought about 2,000 acres 

 from Lady Isabella Blachford and 

 the house, in the Palladian style, 

 was built by Cubitt. It was a 

 favourite residence of the queen, 

 who died here in 1901. There are 

 other residences, Barton Manor 

 and Osborne Cottage, on the 

 estate. In 1902 King Edward 

 presented the house and estate to 

 the nation. Part of it was devoted, 

 at his wish, to a convalescent home 

 for officers, but the royal apart- 

 ments remained untouched, and 

 are shown to visitors. In 1903 a 

 royal naval college was founded 

 here, new buildings being erected 

 and some of the outbuildings 

 adapted to accommodate about 

 400 cadets and the staff, but in 

 1921 this was closed. The Medina 

 flows through the estate, for which 

 there is a station at the neighbour- 

 ing village of Whippingham 



Osborne Judgement. Legai 

 decision which made it illegal for 

 British trade unions to make com- 

 pulsory levies upon their members 

 for political objects. The House of 

 Lords, on Dec. 21, 1909, gave 

 judgement in the case of the 

 Amalgamated Society of Railway 

 Servants v. Osborne, in which they 

 held that a rule which purports to 

 confer on any trade union, regis- 

 tered under the Act of 1871, a 

 power to levy contributions from 

 members for the purpose of secur- 

 ing parliamentary representation 

 is ultra vires and illegal. 



Osborne objected to a compulsory 

 levy by his union for the payment 

 of a Labour M.P., and sued in the 

 king's bench for a declaration that 

 it was illegal. The decision went 

 against him, but the court of 

 appeal reversed this decision, and 

 when the unions appealed to the 

 highest legal tribunal the court of 

 appeal's view was upheld. An 

 indirect result of the judgement 

 was the introduction of payment of 

 M.P.'s, and in 1913 a Trade Union 

 Act was passed validating a levy 

 for political purposes if kept 

 separate, but exempting any mem- 

 ber who objected from obligation 

 to contribute to the union's poli- 

 tical fund. See Trade Unions ; 

 consult also The Osborne Judge- 

 ment, F. Harrison, 1910; Trade 

 Unions and the Law, W. V. 

 Osborne and M. A. Judge, 1911 ; 

 Sane Trade Unionism, W. V, 

 Osborne, 1913. 



Osbourne, LLOYD (b. 1868) 

 American novelist. Born at San 

 Francisco, April 7, 1868, he was 

 the son of Samuel Osbourne and 

 Fanny van der Grift. His mother 

 afterwards married Robert Louis 



5886 



Lloyd Osbourne, 

 American author 



Osboine House, Isle of Wight. Main front of the 

 residence of Queen Victoria 



Stevenson, and Osbourne, who lived 

 with them in Samoa, where he was 

 U.S. consul, made his reputation 

 by his literary 

 partnership 

 with Steven- 

 son. The two 

 collaborated in 

 The Wrong 

 Box, 1889; The 

 Wrecker, 1892; 

 and The Ebb 

 Tide, 1894. His 

 own novels 

 include Love 



the Fiddler, 1903 ; Baby Ballet, 

 1905; Three Speeds Forward, 

 1906 ; and The Kingdoms of the 

 World, 1911. With Austin Strong 

 Osbourne wrote The Exile, a play 

 produced in London at The Royalty 

 in May, 1903. 



Oscans, Osci, OR OPICI. Ancient 

 Italian race, speaking a language 

 akin to Latin, and inhabiting a 

 considerable portion of central and 

 S. Italy. 



Oscar. Masculine Christian 

 name. Of Teutonic origin, it means 

 divine spear. The Germans spell it 

 Oskar, and 

 the Icelandic 

 form is Askar. 

 It is the name 

 of the fifth 

 son of the ex- 

 kaiser, Wil- 

 liam II. Born 

 a t Potsdam, 

 July 27, 1888, 

 he entered the 

 army. In 



1914 he made a morganatic mar- 

 riage with Ina, countess of Ruppin. 

 Oscar I (1799-1859). King of 

 Norway and Sweden, 1844-59. He 

 was born in Paris, July 4, 1799, 

 the son of 

 Marshal Berna- 

 dotte, and was 

 created duke of 

 Sodermanl and 

 on his father's 

 election as 

 ;rown prince of 



Oscar, 

 Prince of Prussia 



Oscar I, King of 



Sweden. He 

 was educated at 



Norway and Sweden Upsala, and 



OSCILLOGRAPH 



] carefully trained 

 I as heir presump- 

 tive. In 1823 he 

 married Jose- 

 phine Beauhar- 

 nais, grand- 

 daughter of the 

 Empress Joseph- 

 ine. He proved 

 a liberal and 

 strongly anti- 

 German monarch. 

 He died July 8, 

 1859. 



Oscar II 

 (1829-1907). King 

 of Norway and Sweden. He was 

 born in Stockholm, Jan. 21, 1829, 

 the third son of Oscar I. He 

 entered the Swedish navy as a boy, 

 completed his education at Upsala, 

 and in 1857 

 married Prin- 

 cess Sophia of 

 Nassau. He 

 opposed the 

 repeated 

 attempts to 

 separate Nor- 

 w a y from 

 Sweden made 



Oscar II, King of by the Radi- 

 Norway and Sweden cals o{ Norway 

 from 1880 onwards, and more than 

 once before the separation of 1905 

 averted civil war. He used the 

 pen-name of Oscar Fredrik, and 

 wrote a number of works in prose 

 and verse. These included a not- 

 able Military History of Sweden. 

 His biography of Charles XII was 

 translated into English, 1879. His 

 collected writings were published 

 in seven vols., 1885-1902. He died 

 Dec. 8, 1907. 



Oschersleben. Town of Prussia, 

 in Saxony. On the Bode, and a 

 junction of the Magdeburg-Halber- 

 stadt rly., 12 m. N.E. of Halber- 

 stadt, it has sugar-refineries, brew- 

 eries, copper foundries, and ma- 

 chinery works. Pop. 13,000. 



Oscillation. Act of swinging or 

 moving backward and forward, or 

 vibrating according to some law. 

 In mathematics, oscillation is the 

 variation of a function between 

 limits. The centre of oscillation is 

 a term used for a particular point 

 in connexion with the movement 

 of a compound pendulum. 



Oscillograph. Instrument for 

 demonstrating visibly the nature 

 of the fluctuations of an alternat- 

 ing electric current. The current 

 to be tested passes through a small 

 coil suspended in the field of an 

 electro-magnet energised by a 

 current of constant intensity. The 

 fluctuations and reversals of cur- 

 rent in the coil make it swing to 

 and fro. A beam of light is re- 

 flected by a tiny mirror attached 



